二氯喹啉酸对湘云鲫的急性毒性及对鱼鳃、肝脏ATP酶活性的影响

研究了二氯喹啉酸对湘云鲫的急性毒性和 (1/8～ 1/2 )LC50 浓度下对湘云鲫鳃、肝脏中Na K ATPase和Mg2 ATPase活性的影响。结果表明 :(1)在 2 3± 1℃条件下 ,二氯喹啉酸对湘云鲫的 2 4、4 8、72、96h的LC50 分别为 15 1.6 4、15 0 .92、14 9.6 0、14 9.14mg·L-1,是一种低毒性农药 ;(2 )鱼鳃和肝脏中Na K ATPase、Mg2 ATPase活性的抑制随浓度的增加而加强 ,表现出显著的浓度 -效应关系 ,是一种较好的生物指示剂。此外 ,还讨论了二氯喹啉酸抑制ATPase活性的机制     

味精废水中重金属及金属污染对处理利用的影响

本文应用等离子光谱（ＩＣＰ）测试三个厂家味精生产废水中２１种金属元素的水平，其中金属元素的总水平分别达１９１９２ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１，３１９０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１和３１６１ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１，对照国内外有关的四项水质标准，三厂家味精生产废水中存在着Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ等多种重金属或其他金属元素严重超标现象，味精生产废水对青芋存在急性毒性，２４，４８，７２和９６ｈ的半致死味精废水浓度ＬＣ５０分别为６．９％，３．２％，２．５％     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

制药废水中磷霉素和α-苯乙胺的生物降解及相互作用

以比耗氧速率SOUR、呼吸抑制率和发光细菌光损失为衡量指标, 研究了在磷霉素、α-苯乙胺及其混合物作用下,活性污泥和发光细菌的可生化性和急性毒性的变化.结果表明, α-苯乙胺的急性毒性和对活性污泥的呼吸抑制率均大于磷霉素. α-苯乙胺与磷霉素混合液的可生化性和急性毒性两者在混合物中的比例有关,当α-苯乙胺所占比例低于25%时,混合液的可生化性基本不受两者比例的影响;但当α-苯乙胺所占比例高于25%时,混合液的可生化性随着α-苯乙胺所占比例的增加而降低.当混合液中α-苯乙胺所占比例为25%时,其急性毒性最低.     

氧化乐果对小球藻的毒性研究

以小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为实验生物,通过研究不同浓度(0、1、5、10、15、20 mg·L-1)的氧化乐果对小球藻生长发育及EC50,硝酸还原酶活性,叶绿素含量的影响,初步探讨了氧化乐果对小球藻的毒性作用。实验结果表明:氧化乐果对小球藻96 hEC50值为4.88 mg·L-1;低浓度氧化乐果(1 mg·L-1)在前6天对小球藻细胞增长影响不大,高浓度氧化乐果(大于5 mg·L-1)则在初期就表现为抑制,氧化乐果浓度与细胞数量之间表现为负相关(R2=0.65755);在第8天,氧化乐果各浓度组的硝酸还原酶的相对酶活也表现"低促高抑"作用,但是仍然高于对照组的酶活,整体表现为促进作用;随着氧化乐果浓度的增加,小球藻叶绿素含量呈现明显降低的趋势。     

Effect of curacron toxicity on the total serum protein content of Cyprinus carpio

An experiment was conducted on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to study the effect of the pesticide curacron on total serum protein. Curacron is an organophosphate pesticide and used by the farmers to protect their crops. This pesticide reaches the aquatic ecosystem by direct or indirect means and affects aquatic fauna. LC50 for curacron for C. carpio was calculated by the log-dose/probit regression line method and found to be 0.38?ppm at 96?h. Three sub-lethal concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001?mL?L^?1) were selected to expose the fish for 1, 7, 14, and 21days. Changes in total serum protein were observed at all pesticide concentrations and exposure periods. Total serum protein was decreased from control. At 1 and 7 days, the decrease was quantitative at all concentrations, while at 14 and 21 days, the fall was significant at all concentrations. Hence, human population may be at risk by consuming these contaminated fish.     

Acute toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate to some air breathing fishes

Lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, fenvalerate, for three species of air breathing fish Clarias batrachus, Channa punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis were determined under water and acetone soluble condition in the laboratory using the static bioassay procedure of the American Public Health Association (APHA,1995). Acetone soluble fenvalerate was found more toxic than the water-soluble fenvalerate irrespective of species and exposure periods. The LC₅₀ value upon 96 days exposure to acetone soluble fenvalerate for C. batrachus, Channa C. punctatus and Heteropneustes H. fossilis were 1.35, 1.0 and 0.65?µg?L^?1, respectively. It is concluded from the present study that fenvalerate is highly toxic even to the hardy air breathing fishes and the pesticide, when dissolved in water, remains photostable and active to render toxicity for long duration.     

The effect of limiting nutrient on metal toxicity to selenastrum capricornutum

Metal toxicity on selenastrum capricornutum were examined by batch culture and chemostat culture system. EC₅₀ values under nutrient‐limited condition and saturated condition were compared. The two EC_5Os differed by a factor of 10.6 for Cd in batch test, and differed by a factor of 6.5 in continuous test. Both batch and continuous test results indicate that inhibition on algal growth is more severe under nutrient‐limited conditions compared to that under near saturation conditions.

Strong correlation, as characterized by the correlation coefficient ρ, were found between the activation level (nutrient requirement) and the tolerance of microorganisms to the toxicant. ρ is equal to 0.9 for the case of Cd in batch test and 0.6 in continuous test. The theory in this study provides generally good estimations to the dose‐response relationship at limiting nutrient conditions. The study indicate that nutrient conditions constitute an important factor in algal toxicity tests.     

Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and half maximal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics and their degradation products to assess the eco-toxicological potential

Abstract

Numerous studies have been reported on today’s ubiquitous presence of antibiotics in surface waters causing the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Advanced water treatment procedures aim at the complete prevention and elimination of antibiotics from entering natural water bodies. In this study, photoinduced degradation processes using UVC-irradiation were applied toward selected fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, macrolide, and sulfonamide antibiotics. Photodegradation products were elucidated using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Rate constants and quantum efficiencies were determined for the active substances and their photo-transformation products. As a measure of ecotoxicity, minimum inhibitory and half-maximal inhibitory concentrations were determined against the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis in a standard assay format. These values were further recorded as a function of UV exposure time. The irradiation time-dependent increase of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values agreed well with the kinetic models. After 10?min of irradiation, the compound solutions ceased to inhibit bacterial cell growth, indicating removal of the pharmaceutical activity. These findings were found in agreement with quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis. The combination of microbiological activity testing, molecular structure analysis, chemical kinetic investigation, and quantitative structure–activity relationship models proved to be able to predict irradiation times and evaluate potential ecotoxicological hazard of the irradiated drugs.     

不同油类对虾蟹类幼体的胁迫效应

了解不同油类对虾蟹类幼体的急性毒性效应。曝油处理采用磁力搅拌器搅拌,一定时间的超声波乳化等操作,模拟溢油在海洋中风浪、涡动、湍流的乳化过程;设置阶梯浓度组,并在多个平行组急性试验的基础上,估算出8种油品对2种虾类和2种蟹类的半致死质量浓度LC50和安全质量浓度MPC,并运用程序编制溢油质量浓度与虾蟹类死亡率相关性的估算模型。经过分析,结果得到：各MPC值参差不齐,差距较大;燃料油普遍比原油的毒性效应大;相同生长阶段,蟹类比虾类抗油毒害性强、中国明对虾Fenneropenaeuschinensis比日本囊对虾Marsupenaeusjaponicus抗油毒害性强、锯缘青蟹Scyllaserrata比三疣梭子蟹Portunustrituberculatu抗油毒害性强。编制的溢油质量浓度与死亡率相关性的评估模型,简易方便直观,为渔业污染事故理赔提供了一定的参考价值,亦为海域的生态经济学评估提供了一种新的研究方法。