2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶的波谱学数据与结构分析

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶是重要的农药中间体.以3-甲基吡啶为原料通过光氯化反应合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,经分离后得到纯度为99.5%的产品.利用红外(IR)、紫外(UV)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振(NMR)等实验技术研究了其波谱学特征,详细讨论了该化合物的1HNMR、13CNMR谱,并对所有1HNMR、13CNMR谱的信号进行了归属.讨论了红外吸收特征峰对应官能团的振动形式,样品的官能团与目标化合物一致.该方法为此类化合物的结构解析提供了有益的分析依据.     

不同粒径沉积物对1,2,4,5-四氯苯的吸附/解吸特性

采用静态吸附实验,研究不同粒径沉积物的基本性质及其对1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附/解吸性能的影响.结果表明,不同粒径沉积物所含天然有机质(NOM)质和量的不同,导致其对1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附性能的不同.颗粒最细的沉积物因其主要结合聚合度较低的无定型腐殖物质,导致1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附等温线的非线性程度最低,在沉积物上的吸附亲和力和吸附.解吸滞后现象也最弱.而颗粒最粗的沉积物因为含有一些煤炭和木炭等高比表面积的碳黑类物质,NOM聚合度较高,导致1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附等温线的非线性程度最高,在沉积物上的吸附亲和力和吸附-解吸滞后现象也最强.而粒径中等的沉积物本身的性质和吸附性能介于颗粒最粗和最细的两种组分之间.     

环境空气 PM2．5、PM10相关性及污染水平研究

PM2．5能够透过人体组织,对健康产生重要影响,研究环境空气中PM2．5的污染特征具有实际意义。以遂宁市大气连续采样监测数据为基础,利用SPSS软件对可吸入颗粒物PM10和细颗粒物PM2．5进行相关性分析,建立回归方程并预测2012年PM2．5日均浓度值。结果表明,PM2．5和PM10呈显著相关,回归模型 R2为0．618,标准估计误差为0．023630。PM2．5预测值为60μg／m3,超过国家一级标准限值,且PM2．5污染水平高于PM10,细颗粒物是城市大气污染控制的重要污染物。     

基于不同空间插值模型的川西南山地常绿阔叶林叶面积指数估测

叶面积指数（LAI） 是森林经营管理的一个重要参数,亦是众多基于土壤、大气和植被相互作用的森林经营管理动态模型的关键输入变量之一,但目前获得大尺度、高空间分辨率的LAI精确估计仍十分困难。以川西南山地常绿阔叶林为研究对象,基于地面调查的83 个20 m×20 m样地和SPOT5 遥感数据,运用不同的方法,估测了区域森林有效叶面积指数（LAIe）。利用遥感数据作为辅助变量,比较了来自遥感数据的直接辐射关系法（DRR） 和地统计学方法协同克里格（CK）、回归克里格（RK） 的LAIe 空间分布差异。此外,运用反距离权重（IDW）、全局多项式（GPI）、普通克里格（OK）、泛克里格（UK） 等方法也对LAIe进行了估计。结果表明LAIe 与归一化植被指数（NDVI） 回归拟合效果相对不理想（R²=0.679,P<0.001）;由于研究区森林景观不是连续变量,LAIe呈低空间自相关性,各方法间差异不显著,对区域LAIe 估算精度提升不明显;但DRR 和CK、RK 方法能降低统计误差值,且DRR与CK、RK的相关性极高（相关系数分别可达0.91和0.92）。尽管相比于DRR,地统计学方法并没有提高LAIe估计精度,为提高预测的准确性,应探讨更密集的抽样方案和不同的辅助变量。     

壬基酚对大鼠5-羟色胺分解代谢通路的影响

为探讨壬基酚对5-羟色胺(5-HT)代谢网络分解代谢通路的毒性作用机制,将24只SD雄性大鼠分为阴性对照组和壬基酚低、中、高剂量组[30,90,270mg/(kg·bw)],隔日玉米油灌胃染毒28d后检测大鼠血浆及肝匀浆中单胺氧化酶(MAO)活性和血浆中5-HT含量,并称量肝、肾和睾丸重量.结果显示,壬基酚暴露高剂量组大鼠体质量增量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);染毒至第3周起,各组大鼠平均食物利用率有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组相比,高剂量组肝脏、肾脏脏器系数均有统计学意义(P<0.01),中、高剂量组睾丸脏器系数均有统计学意义(P<0.05);中、高剂量组血浆MAO酶活性极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),中、高剂量组肝匀浆MAO酶活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05);中、高剂量组血浆5-HT含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).壬基酚暴露剂量与大鼠体内MAO酶活性及5-HT水平均呈剂量-效应关系,壬基酚可通过分解代谢通路影响5-HT的代谢网络.     

空气污染物远程传输对海岛型城市污染的影响

为探明海岛型城市的污染成因,采用MM5/CALPUFF模型定量测算区域传输对舟山群岛大气环境的影响.结果显示,舟山在冬季主要受西北方向大陆上空高浓度污染物传输影响,上海对其外来影响最大,SO2和NO2的贡献率在71%~79%和72%~83%之间;而在夏季受偏南气流影响,浙江省对其影响最大,SO2和NO2贡献率在52%~63%和49%~55%之间.舟山群岛在高频率、高风速的持续性西北风和偏北风作用下,易形成重污染天气,各监测点NO2最大小时浓度在122~194μg/m3之间,区域传输的贡献率在98%以上.开展区域联防联控工作,才能根本改善舟山群岛环境空气质量.     

The social cost of carbon revisited

An estimate of the social cost of carbon (SCC) is crucial to climate policy. But how should we estimate the SCC? A common approach uses an integrated assessment model (IAM) to simulate time paths for the atmospheric CO₂ concentration, its impact on temperature, and resulting reductions in GDP. I have argued that IAMs have deficiencies that make them poorly suited for this job, but what is the alternative? I present an approach to estimating an average SCC, which I argue can be a useful guide for policy. I rely on a survey of experts to elicit opinions regarding (1) probabilities of alternative economic outcomes of climate change, but not the causes of those outcomes; and (2) the reduction in emissions required to avert an extreme outcome, i.e., a large climate-induced reduction in GDP. The average SCC is the ratio of the present value of lost GDP from an extreme outcome to the total emission reduction needed to avert that outcome. I discuss the survey instrument, explain how experts were identified, and present results. I obtain SCC estimates of $200/mt or higher, but the variation across experts is large. Trimming outliers and focusing on experts who expressed a high degree of confidence in their answers yields lower SCCs, $80 to $100/mt, but still well above the IAM-based estimates used by the U.S. government.     

Carbon taxation,OPEC and the end of oil

I develop a differential game between an oil cartel and an importer investing in research and development (R&D) to reduce the cost of a green substitute to oil. In equilibrium, the cartel is forced to deter the substitute, which thus imposes a price ceiling falling over time. Credible carbon taxes are below the Pigovian level, implying the importer cannot internalise the full pollution externality, much less capture resource rents. Without carbon pricing, the importer curtails long-run pollution using a costly R&D programme. Normatively, climate policy will be more expensive if relying on green R&D programmes only.     

Environmental regulation as a double-edged sword for housing markets: Evidence from the NOx Budget Trading Program

We investigate the effects of environmental regulations on housing markets using a quasi-experimental setting—the NO_x Budget Trading Program (NBP). Hedonic theory predicts that house prices should rise as pollution levels decrease. However, environmental regulations may also affect labor markets, and thus housing demand. Employing a difference-in-differences framework, we find that house prices shifted up in the regulated areas with low manufacturing intensity, whereas in the areas with high manufacturing intensity, housing markets were weakened. We also find that in high-manufacturing-intensity areas, loan application volume declined, rejection rate augmented, and the probability of loan default increased.     

HHMHC对Cu2+、Ni2+的萃取性能

以对羟基苯甲酸为原料,通过化学修饰合成得到上沿羧基化的杯[6]芳烃羟肟衍生物,即5,11,17,23,29,35-六羧基-37,38,39,40,41,42-六羟肟酸甲氧基杯[6]芳烃(HHMHC),采用IR对其结构性能进行表征,并探讨了溶液初始pH值、初始重金属离子(Cu2+、Ni2+)浓度、萃取时间、温度等因素对HHMHC萃取重金属离子的影响.结果表明,在温度为30℃时HHMHC萃取Ni2+和Cu2+的最佳pH值分别为5.0、6.0,萃取平衡时间均为30min.用准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Freundlich等温模型(R2>0.999)均可较好的拟合其萃取过程,通过计算萃取过程的热力学参数,得到Gibbs自由能(ΔG0)和焓变(ΔH0)均小于0,表明萃取反应是一个自发的放热反应.通过红外光谱图分析和考察溶液pH值对萃取分配比的影响,探讨HHMHC萃取Cu2+、Ni2+的机理,结果表明此萃取过程除了存在阳离子交换机理外,还存在与冠醚萃取相同的离子配位萃取,参与配位作用的主要是羟肟基团(–CONHOH).