乙酰丙酸和前体物对Rhodobacter sphaeroides 5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成的影响

球形红细菌Rhodobacter sphaeroides光合成培养过程中(接种量2g/L),分别以不同方式加入不同浓度的乙酰丙酸(LA)、前体物(甘氨酸、琥珀酸),发现LA(30mmol/L)分3次加入,甘氨酸(60mmol/L)分2次加入,可使5-氨基乙酰丙酸合成酶(ALAS)的活性(149.1U/mg)提高,而其脱水酶(ALAD)活性(143.4U/mg)降低,使ALA产量提高到33.8mmol/L.图2参9     

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of Kraft lignin with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatic hydrocarbons

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of Kraft lignins with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatics was investigated using analytical pyrolysis methods. Two Kraft lignins were fast pyrolyzed in the absence and presence of HZSM-5 in a Curie-point pyrolyzer. Without the catalyst, fast pyrolysis of lignin predominantly produced phenols and guaiacols that were derived from the subunits of lignin. However, the presence of HZSM-5 changed the product distribution dramatically. As the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of HZSM-5 decreased from 200 to 25 and the catalyst-to-lignin ratio increased from 1 to 20, the lignin-derived oxygenates progressively decreased to trace and the aromatics increased substantially. The aromatic yield increased considerably as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 500°C to 650°C, but then decreased with yet further increase of pyrolysis temperature. Under optimal reaction conditions, the aromatic yields were 2.0 wt.% and 5.2 wt.% for the two lignins that had effective hydrogen indexes of 0.08 and 0.35.     

Preparation of nZVI embedded modified mesoporous carbon for catalytic persulfate to degradation of reactive black 5

• The MCNZVI is prepared as an interesting material for PS activation. • Graphitized carbon shells facilitate electron transfer from Fe⁰. • The MCNZVI exhibits excellent performance to degrade RB5 by ¹O₂. • The MCNZVI has high stability and reusability in the oxidation system. High-efficiency and cost-effective catalysts with available strategies for persulfate (PS) activation are critical for the complete mineralization of organic contaminants in the environmental remediation and protection fields. A nanoscale zero-valent iron-embedded modified mesoporous carbon (MCNZVI) with a core-shell structure is synthesized using the hydrothermal synthesis method and high-temperature pyrolysis. The results showed that nZVI could be impregnated within mesoporous carbon frameworks with a comparatively high graphitization degree, rich nitrogen doping content, and a large surface area and pore volume. This material was used as a persulfate activator for the oxidation removal of Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The effects of the material dosage, PS concentration, pH, and some inorganic anions (i.e., Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻) on RB5 degradation were then investigated. The highest degradation efficiency (97.3%) of RB5 was achieved via PS (20 mmol/L) activation by the MCNZVI (0.5 g/L). The pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 2.11 5; 10⁻² min⁻¹) in the MCNZVI/PS (0.5 g/L, 20 mmol/L) was greater than 100 times than that in the MCNZVI and PS. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), including ¹O₂, SO₄^·−, HO^·, and ·O₂⁻, were generated by PS activation with the MCNZVI. Singlet oxygen was demonstrated to be the primary ROS responsible for the RB5 degradation. The MCNZVI could be reused and regenerated for recycling. This work provides new insights into PS activation to remove organic contamination.     

郑州市采暖期与非采暖期PM2.5中重金属来源及潜在健康风险评价

为了研究郑州市PM_(2.5)中部分金属元素在采暖期与非采暖期的来源、污染特征并进行相应的生态风险及健康风险评价,于2016年春季非采暖期和冬季采暖期在河南郑州设置采样点,采集有效膜样本105个.测定PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其中Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Cd、Co、Mn、Fe共8种金属元素含量,郑州2016年非采暖期PM_(2.5)质量浓度日均值为113.41μg·m~(-3)、采暖期为216.99μg·m~(-3),采暖期中Cu、Zn、As、Cd这4种元素的浓度分别是非采暖期的2.3、2.0、1.9、1.5倍,季节性差异明显.富集因子分析显示郑州地区Cd元素富集程度最高已超过1000,受人为影响严重.PMF源解析表明燃煤源及机动车源是郑州采暖期重金属主要来源,贡献率为48.00%和34.95%;扬尘源及交通污染源在非采暖期的贡献率为55.92%和31.08%.健康风险评价显示3种致癌元素As、Cd、Co的致癌风险值均小于10~(-4),Mn的非致癌风险值最高为0.9,可能存在一定的非致癌风险.     

自然灾害生态环境风险及其评价——以汶川地震极重灾区次生泥石流灾害为例

灾害生态环境风险评价的关键是评价不确定性灾害事件的发生概率和它对人类依存的生态系统造成的负面后果,评价步骤包括4个部分:受体分析、风险源的概率分析、暴露和脆弱性评价、风险表征。以汶川地震10个极重灾区的研究资料为基础,评价地震次生泥石流灾害生态环境风险指数和生态环境损失,并按照生态环境风险指数和生态环境损失大小对未来10县市的生态环境风险进行了排序。综合考虑2个评价结果,汶川县、北川县、绵竹市生态环境风险较高,安县、青川县、什邡市生态环境风险较低。     

自制ZSM-5分子筛对甲苯气体的吸附-脱附性能

考察了自制ZSM-5分子筛对甲苯气体的吸附-脱附性能,并与市售MCM-22分子筛进行了对比实验。实验结果表明:在吸附温度为25℃、进口甲苯质量浓度为840mg/m3、吸附气体流速为0.016m/s、床层高度为15cm的条件下,出口甲苯质量浓度达到0.8mg/m3时的穿透时间为82min,吸附效率为4.26mg/g;在脱附温度为80℃、脱附气体流速为0.016m/s的条件下,脱附35min时出口甲苯质量浓度达到最大,为1220mg/m3。自制ZSM-5分子筛的吸附-脱附性能优于市售MCM-22分子筛。     

Bi掺杂In2TiO5纳米带的制备及其光催化性能

以Bi(NO_3)_3、Ti(OC_4H_9)_4、In(NO_3)_3和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-K30)为原料,采用静电纺丝法和沉淀法相结合,成功制备了Bi掺杂In_2TiO_5(Bi-In_2TiO_5)纳米带.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能量色散谱(EDS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)和氮气吸附-脱附等温线(BET)等技术对样品进行表征.结果表明,Bi的掺杂未引入新的杂相,样品均为正交晶系结构,掺杂前后样品的形貌未发生明显变化.适量的Bi掺杂,在In2Ti O5晶格中形成杂质能级,降低了In_2TiO_5的带隙能.当掺杂量为2%时,制备的Bi-In_2TiO_5纳米带的光催化活性最高.在氙灯(150 W)辐照下,150 min,对罗丹明B的降解率达95.8%,且该催化剂对氟喹诺酮类抗生素左氧氟沙星(LEV)也表现出优良的光催化降解性能.     

机动车排放车载实验及模型模拟研究

研究机动车的排放特征及获得排放因子,是建立机动车排放清单和制定相应控制策略的基础,而路上的机动车排放车载测试被认为是实验室台架测试的一个重要补充.本研究利用AVL DiGas 4000 light五气分析仪,在澳门典型路段上对7辆汽油轿车样本开展了尾气排放车载实验.研究发现安装电喷加三元催化转化系统的车辆(以下称电喷车)在气态污染物排放上比旧的化油器车有显著降低,化油器车HC、CO和NO排放的体积浓度平均值分别为2275;10^-6、1.57%和14775;10^-6,而电喷车则分别为335;10^-6、0.21%和1315;10^-6,约是前者的1/11～1/7.但电喷车在冷启动阶段会出现高排放;对电喷车的CO和NO排放浓度做算术平均,其绝对值主要由出现频率少的高浓度值所贡献.研究进一步估算了汽油轿车的排放因子,同时利用MOBILE5模型计算了澳门2000年汽油轿车的平均排放因子,模型计算值和实验数据估算结果的比值在59%～139%之间,如果仅比较年平均排放因子,这个比值则在68%～132%之间.结果表明,车辆采用电喷加催化转化系统,对控制污染物排放的作用显著,但催化设备存在冷启动时起燃缓慢的问题;对电喷车的技术改进,减少其在行驶过程中出现高浓度的污染物排放,将能进一步大大降低平均排放水平;应用修正的MOBILE5模型计算澳门地区汽油轿车的排放因子,结果是比较可信的.     

稠油乳化段废水厌氧处理过程中COD与BOD5的协同变化及可生化性研究

稠油乳化段废水中的主要污染物为有机聚合物和石油类污染物，BOD5／COD值极低，可生化性差，通过厌氧处理可使污染物发生水解反应，BOD5／COD值由0．08升为0．15（288h)，与其它难降解有机废水的厌处理结果不同，在BOD5增加的同时，COD亦大幅度增加，而在全部厌氧反应过程中，TOC一直呈下降趋势，表明水样中的污染物在生物作用下不断得到消减；在COD达到最高时，石油类污染物中胶质的浓度大幅度降低，烷烃的浓度升高，说明以胶质为代表的大分子污染物因子解反应，由K2Cr2O7不能氧化状态变为可氧化状态，导致COD测量值显著升高。     

红球菌J-5菌株降解聚乙烯醇的研究

从土壤样品中分离到一株能以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为唯一碳源、能源生长的纯菌株,经生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株属于红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.),对该菌株降解PVA的特性进行了研究.结果表明,该菌株降解PVA的适宜条件为10000mg/L PVA,25℃,摇床培养;此外,添加0.1%的酵母膏可以明显促进PVA的降解.在该条件下通气培养7d,可以降解58%的PVA,通过红外光谱分析PVA的代谢产物,说明PVA降解的中间产物带有羰基.