2008~2012年上海黑碳浓度变化特征分析

采用上海市城市环境气象中心2008~2012年黑碳质量浓度小时平均资料,分析了上海市区黑碳质量浓度变化规律.结果表明,2008~2012年间上海黑碳平均质量浓度呈下降趋势,各年黑碳平均质量浓度从(4 045.3±3 375.4)ng·m-3降至(2 766.2±2 078.9)ng·m-3,观测期间的逐年变化率分别为2.3%、-6.5%、-18.7%和-12.1%.与其它大城市相比,黑碳平均质量浓度为中等偏低水平.从年平均变化看,11和12月的5年平均质量浓度最高,分别为5 426.6 ng·m-3和5 365.3ng·m-3,其次为1、6和10月,分别为4 402.5、3 763.3和3 412.7 ng·m-3.工作日和休息日的5年平均日变化均呈明显双峰结构,两峰分别出现在北京时间07:00~10:00和18:00~22:00,工作日第一峰高于第二峰,休息日则相反.5年间,工作日黑碳平均质量浓度较休息日高9%.此外,根据有效观测数据,通过回归整理,给出了一个5年平均黑碳质量浓度日变化的逐时经验函数,以方便估计和预测黑碳浓度水平.     

不同硅铝比Fe-ZSM-5催化剂对氧化亚氮催化分解性能的研究

以不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛为载体,采用离子交换法和化学气相沉积法制备Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,并用XRD、BET、TEM、UV-vis和NH3-TPD等表征手段对催化剂进行分析,研究催化剂中铁的存在状态.结果表明,分子筛的硅铝比影响铁在分子筛中的分布形态,化学气相沉积法和热离子交换法制得硅铝比为25的Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂上均匀地分布着粒径为8 nm左右的纳米氧化铁颗粒,并且Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂比Fe-ZSM-5-300更容易形成Fe3+x O y团簇.制得的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化分解氧化亚氮(N2O),结果表明,相同的制备方法,硅铝比小的Fe-ZSM-5-25催化剂对N2O分解活性更好;相同硅铝比的Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制得的对N2O分解活性最好.另外,O2的存在对Fe-ZSM-5上N2O催化分解活性有抑制作用,而NO对N2O催化分解活性展示了一定的正效应.最后,经过100 h的连续反应,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂依然能够保持催化活性.     

混合碳源制备生物絮凝剂的絮凝效能及产量预测模型

为实现混合底物的高效定向转化,以产絮菌根癌农杆菌(Agrobactrium tumefaciens)F2为研究对象,考察不同单一碳源及不同初始浓度对菌体生长、絮凝效能及絮凝剂产量的变化规律,采用BP算法构建絮凝效能及产量预测神经网络.产絮菌F2利用葡萄糖时的絮凝效能和产量分别为88.98%和2.20 g·L-1,过低的初始浓度将影响产量,不低于7.5 g·L-1为佳.以D-(+)-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖和D-甘露糖3种单糖为混合碳源,构建网络结构为3-5-2的产絮效能及絮凝剂产量预测模型,对两个输出层的预测误差范围均在4%以内,预测葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖浓度的最优解为6.59 g·L-1、1.32 g·L-1、3.57 g·L-1,经验证混合碳源发酵产絮可使絮凝效能和产量比单一葡萄糖发酵时分别提高6.87%和26.82%,本文为产絮菌F2利用含糖有机质废液发酵产絮凝剂提供数据参考.     

气象参数对基于BP神经网络的PM2.5日均值预报模型的影响

建立了基于BP神经网络的PM2.5质量浓度预报模型,对广州市5个监测点2012年6月-2013年5月的PM2.5质量浓度日均值进行预报,分析了总体预报误差、不同风速和降雨量下的预报误差,以及天气预报误差对PM2.5质量浓度预报误差的影响.结果表明,BP神经网络模型对5个站点的PM2.5预报结果稳定,平均相对误差为29.71％.在有利于PM2.5扩散的气象条件下预报误差较大,风速较大时与风速较小时预报误差的差异高达15％,而不同降雨量情况下的预报误差较相近.修正天气预报后,各站点的预报误差平均降低了4.67％.这表明可从空气质量数据质量等方面人手改进模型.     

Evaluation of Vehicle-Based Crash Severity Metrics

Objective: Vehicle change in velocity (delta-v) is a widely used crash severity metric used to estimate occupant injury risk. Despite its widespread use, delta-v has several limitations. Of most concern, delta-v is a vehicle-based metric which does not consider the crash pulse or the performance of occupant restraints, e.g. seatbelts and airbags. Such criticisms have prompted the search for alternative impact severity metrics based upon vehicle kinematics. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of the occupant impact velocity (OIV), acceleration severity index (ASI), vehicle pulse index (VPI), and maximum delta-v (delta-v) to predict serious injury in real world crashes.

Methods: The study was based on the analysis of event data recorders (EDRs) downloaded from the National Automotive Sampling System / Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) 2000–2013 cases. All vehicles in the sample were GM passenger cars and light trucks involved in a frontal collision. Rollover crashes were excluded. Vehicles were restricted to single-event crashes that caused an airbag deployment. All EDR data were checked for a successful, completed recording of the event and that the crash pulse was complete. The maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) was used to describe occupant injury outcome. Drivers were categorized into either non-seriously injured group (MAIS2?) or seriously injured group (MAIS3+), based on the severity of any injuries to the thorax, abdomen, and spine. ASI and OIV were calculated according to the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware. VPI was calculated according to ISO/TR 12353-3, with vehicle-specific parameters determined from U.S. New Car Assessment Program crash tests. Using binary logistic regression, the cumulative probability of injury risk was determined for each metric and assessed for statistical significance, goodness-of-fit, and prediction accuracy.

Results: The dataset included 102,744 vehicles. A Wald chi-square test showed each vehicle-based crash severity metric estimate to be a significant predictor in the model (p < 0.05). For the belted drivers, both OIV and VPI were significantly better predictors of serious injury than delta-v (p < 0.05). For the unbelted drivers, there was no statistically significant difference between delta-v, OIV, VPI, and ASI.

Conclusions: The broad findings of this study suggest it is feasible to improve injury prediction if we consider adding restraint performance to classic measures, e.g. delta-v. Applications, such as advanced automatic crash notification, should consider the use of different metrics for belted versus unbelted occupants.     

Flux characteristics of total dissolved iron and its species during extreme rainfall event in the midstream of the Heilongjiang River

The occurrence of extreme rainfall events and associated flooding has been enhanced due to climate changes, and is thought to influence the flux of total dissolved iron(TDI) in rivers considerably. Since TDI is a controlling factor in primary productivity in marine ecosystems, alteration of riverine TDI input to the ocean may lead to climate change via its effect on biological productivity. During an extreme rainfall event that arose in northeastern China in 2013, water samples were collected in the midstream of the Heilongjiang River to analyze the concentration and species of TDI as well as other basic parameters. The speciation of TDI was surveyed by filtration and ultrafiltration methods.Compared with data monitored from 2007 to 2012, the concentration of TDI increased significantly during this event, with an average concentration of 1.11 mg/L, and the estimated TDI flux reached 1.2 × 105 tons, equaling the average annual TDI flux level.Species analysis revealed that low-molecular-weight complexed iron was the dominant species, and the impulse of TDI flux could probably be attributed to the hydrological connection to riparian wetlands and iron-rich terrestrial runoff. Moreover, dissolved organic matter played a key role in the flux, species and bioavailability of TDI. In addition,there is a possibility that the rising TDI flux could further influence the transport and cycling of nutrients and related ecological processes in the river, estuary coupled with the coastal ecosystems, which merits closer attention in the future.     

不同孔径HZSM-5协同低温等离子体催化降解甲苯性能研究

研究了HZSM-5分子筛孔径对其在等离子体场内催化降解甲苯的影响.采用化学液相沉积法对HZSM-5分子筛进行改性,利用XRD、氮气吸附脱附等方法表征样品的骨架结构和表面性质,并用择形吸附实验对样品孔径进行表征.同时,评价了HZSM-5分子筛体系中降解甲苯的性能,研究了分子筛吸附甲苯性能及臭氧的产量,并采用飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了反应产生的有机副产物.结果表明:液相沉积法成功调控了HZSM-5孔径,样品孔径随沉积剂用量增加而减小;同时,样品均具有相同的MFI骨架结构,比表面积和孔容相差不大.HZSM-5的孔径尺寸对甲苯去除率影响不大,但对碳平衡有影响,孔径越大,碳平衡越好.孔径较大的HZSM-5分子筛对甲苯具有更大的吸附速率和吸附容量,同时更多臭氧参与反应,生成·OH和O·,促进甲苯深度氧化,减少副产物,提高碳平衡.     

Prenatal diagnosis of free sialic acid storage disorders (SASD)

Free sialic acid storage disorders, Salla disease (SD) and Infantile sialic acid storage disease (ISSD), are lysosomal storage diseases due to impaired function of a sialic acid transporter, sialin, at the lysosomal membrane. Several mutations of the sialin gene, SLC17A5, are known, leading either to the severe neonatal/infantile disease or to the milder, adult-type developmental disorder, Salla disease. Free sialic acid accumulation in lysosomes causes increased tissue concentration and consequently elevated urinary excretion. Prenatal diagnosis of SASD is possible either by determination of free sialic acid concentration or by mutation analysis of the SLC17A5 gene in fetal specimen, in chorionic villus biopsy particularly. Both techniques have been successfully applied in several cases, sialic acid assay more often in ISSD cases but mutation analysis preferentially in SD. Sialic acid assay of amniotic fluid supernatant or cultured amniotic fluid cells may give erroneous results and should not be used for prenatal diagnosis of these disorders. The present comments are mainly based on our experience of prenatal diagnosis of SD in Finnish families. A founder mutation in SLC17A5 gene, 115C-> T, represents 95% of the disease alleles in the Finnish SD patients, which provides a unique possibility to apply mutation analysis. Therefore, molecular studies have successfully been used in 17 families since the identification of the gene and the characterization of the SD mutations. Earlier, eight prenatal studies were performed by measuring the free sialic acid concentration in chorionic villus samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

接种稀释水的空白对BOD5测定的影响

从接种液种类、空白ＢＯＤ５大小、接种液最佳添加范围等方面对ＢＯＤ５测定进行探讨，提出以接纳工业废水的河水作为最佳接种液，雨季时以土壤浸取液更适合。探讨了接种液空白值对ＢＯＤ５标液和工业废水的影响，结果表明，河水空白应控制在０．１－０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ土壤浸取液空白控制在０．０１－０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ为宜。