自然老化对FOX-7基双元混合物相容性的影响

目的 掌握自然老化如何影响1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烷(FOX-7)基双元混合物的相容性,揭示老化过程对其相容性的潜在影响。方法 采用热分析技术(差示扫描量热法,DSC)和非热分析技术(傅里叶变换红外光谱,FTIR),对老化前后FOX-7基双元混合物的热分解特性和分子结构特征进行评估。利用DSC测得混合物和单质FOX-7的DSC初始分解峰温,对FOX-7与8种含能材料和4种惰性材料的相容性进行评估,再结合FTIR的测试结果辅助说明混合物分子结构的变化。结果 DSC热流曲线显示,除FOX-7/RDX混合物外,其他研究对象在老化前后均展现出良好的相容性。然而,以FOX-7/CL-20为代表的混合物在老化后的最大放热峰温出现明显变化,表明老化对这些混合物的相容性产生了影响。在FTIR光谱分析中观察到的官能团变化进一步表明,FOX-7与RDX、CL-20、AP、HTPB、DOS或WAX等组成的双元体系在老化过程中发生了化学反应。结论 本研究的发现对理解和评估老化过程对FOX-7基双元混合物相容性的影响具有重要意义,可用于指导FOX-7基含能材料长期储存和使用中的安全设计。     

对几种大气环境预测方法的评估

本文根据石家庄市的常规气象资料和混合层高度,用不同的计算模式和计算方法对本市特征污染因子SO_4的长期平均浓度进行计算,把计算结果与实测浓度比较并进行误差分析,对每种计算方法进行评价,最后讨论了各种计算方法的特点及在城市大气环境预测中的实用性.     

用微生物群落评价水系的自组织人工神经网络方法

利用原生物群落在PFU上群集过程中的变化,可以评价水质和监测水污染,运用T．Kohonen自组织人工神经网络模型,根据NacArthur－Wilson平衡模型提出了3个功能参数和另外2个结构参数,对常德市16个站四季的水质进行了分析,建立了水质污染程度预测的计算机智能专家系统,预测成功率达100％。     

T型氧化沟提高脱氮效率的技术改造

采用延长边沟闷曝时间的方法对BOD降解模式T型氧化沟进行提高脱氮效率的改造。结果表明,边沟闷曝时间由0.5 h增至1 h,系统反硝化和硝化运行时间比t_DN/t_N由0.56调整至0.50时,提高了系统的NH₃-N的硝化效率,强化了脱氮能力。工艺改造后出水NH3-N浓度由改造前15.5 mg/L显著降低至10.4 mg/L,达到了广东省地方标准（DB 44/26-2001）第一时段的二级排放要求;系统脱氮效率由改造前52.1%显著提高到68.3％,有效地解决了污水厂出水NH₃-N浓度过高的问题;具有投资少、效果明显的特点,有一定的推广价值。     

重铬酸钾褪色法和硫酸铬显色法直接测定COD_Cr

建立了重铬酸钾褪色法和硫酸铬显色法直接比色测定CODcr的方法,重铬酸钾褪色法测定范围10-700mg／L,检出限7.0mg／L,三次平行测定CODcr值为417mg／L样品,标准差为2.6mg／L,回收率为96.6％;硫酸铬显色法的测定范围30-1200mg／L,检出限为23.0mg／L,三次平行测定CODcr值为987mg／L,标准差为22.3mg／L,回收率为96.3％,两种方法都优于HJ／T399-2007推荐的方法。     

大鼠类Alu重复序列的克隆及其在染色体DNA突变分析中的应用

从大鼠低Ｃｏｔ值ＤＮＡ文库分离到一种类Ａｌｕ的重复序列,命名为ＲＡＬＲＳ－１。对ＲＡＬＲＳ－１克隆并进行了测序,长度为２８３ｂｐ,发现其中含有单一的微卫星（ｍｉｃｒｏｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ）序列ＡＧ,ＡＧＧ和ＡＧＧＧ。ＲＡＬＲＳ－１ＤＮＡ序列在大鼠单倍体基因组中的拷贝数为１５００００～３３００００。依ＲＡＬＲＳ－１中的一段序列合成了一２８寡核苷酸探针（ＡＧＧＧ）７,对大鼠正常组织和肿瘤组织ＤＮＡ指数谱     

Analysis of gross alpha, gross beta activities and beryllium-7 concentrations in surface air: their variations and statistical prediction model

Measurement of gross α, gross β activities and cosmogenic beryllium-7 (⁷Be) concentrations were made both daily and weekly during the years 2001–2004 from samples of atmospheric aerosols filtered from the air at Tehran Nuclear Research Center (35 41′ N) and Zahedan (28 29′ N). Weekly aerosol samples collected with the high-volume air samplers on cellulose filters were used to determine the ⁷Be contents of samples, using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. Airborne dust samples were collected daily on fiber glass filters and used to determine the gross β and gross α activities with automatic beta analyzer and a ZnS(Ag) counter, respectively. In this work, the concentration and meteorological data were used to determine models for gross α, gross β and ⁷Be. The air concentrations of gross β and gross α activities and ⁷Be concentrations displayed lognormal distributions during the study period. Both β and ⁷Be have maximum activity concentrations during warm mid-year months.     

Adapting the bioblitz to meet conservation needs

When conservation strategies require new, field‐based information, practitioners must find the best ways to rapidly deliver high‐quality survey data. To address this challenge, several rapid‐assessment approaches have been developed since the early 1990s. These typically involve large areas, take many months to complete, and are not appropriate when conservation‐relevant survey data are urgently needed for a specific locale. In contrast, bioblitzes are designed for quick collection of site‐specific survey data. Although bioblitzes are commonly used to achieve educational or public‐engagement goals, conservation practitioners are increasingly using a modified bioblitz approach to generate conservation‐relevant data while simultaneously enhancing research capacity and building working partnerships focused on conservation concerns. We term these modified events expert bioblitzes. Several expert bioblitzes have taken place on lands of conservation concern in Southern California and have involved collaborative efforts of government agencies, nonprofit organizations, botanic gardens, museums, and universities. The results of expert bioblitzes directly informed on‐the‐ground conservation and decision‐making; increased capacity for rapid deployment of expert bioblitzes in the future; and fostered collaboration and communication among taxonomically and institutionally diverse experts. As research and conservation funding becomes increasingly scarce, expert bioblitzes can play an increasingly important role in biodiversity conservation.     

Time discounting and the decision to protect areas that are near and threatened or remote and cheap to acquire

Should conservation organizations focus on protecting habitats that are at imminent risk of being converted but are expensive or more remote areas that are less immediately threatened but where a large amount of land can be set aside? Variants of this trade‐off commonly arise in spatial planning. I used models of land‐use change near a deforestation frontier to examine this trade‐off. The optimal choice of where to protect was determined by how decisions taken today accounted for ecological benefits and economic costs of conservation actions that would occur sometime in the future. I used an ecological and economic discount rate to weight these benefits and costs. A large economic discount rate favored protecting more remote areas, whereas a large, positive ecological discount rate favored protecting habitat near the current deforestation frontier. The decision over where to protect was also affected by the influence economic factors had on landowners' decisions, the rate of technological change, and ecological heterogeneity of the landscape. How benefits and costs through time are accounted for warrants careful consideration when specifying conservation objectives. It may provide a niche axis along which conservation organizations differentiate themselves when competing for donor funding or other support.     

A climatology of Be at four high-altitude stations at the Alps and the Northern Apennines

The ⁷Be activity concentrations measured from 1996 to 1998 at four high-altitude stations, Jungfraujoch—Switzerland, Zugspitze—Germany, Sonnblick—Austria and Mt. Cimone—Italy, were analyzed in combination with a set of, meteorological and atmospheric parameters such as the tropopause height, relative and specific humidity and also in conjunction with 3D back-trajectories in order to investigate the climatological features of ⁷Be. A frequency distribution analysis on ⁷Be activity concentrations revealed the existence of two concentration classes around 1.5 and 6 mBq m⁻³ and a transition class between the two modes of the distribution at 3–4 mBq m⁻³. Cross-correlation analysis performed between ⁷Be and a number of meteorological and atmospheric parameters at the first three stations showed a strong negative correlation with relative humidity (−0.56, −0.51, −0.41) indicating the importance of wet scavenging as a controlling mechanism. Also, the positive correlation with the height of 3-days back-trajectories and tropopause height (+0.49/+0.43, +0.59/+0.36, +0.44/+0.38) shows that downward transport from the upper or middle to lower troposphere within anticyclonic conditions plays also an important role. Trajectory statistics showed that low ⁷Be concentrations typically originate from lower-altitude subtropical ocean areas, while high concentrations arrive from the north and high altitudes, as is characteristic for stratospheric intrusions. Although the ⁷Be activity concentrations are highly episodic, the monthly means indicate an annual cycle with a late-summer maximum at all stations. The correlation coefficients calculated for monthly means of the ⁷Be and atmospheric data suggest that the main predictor controlling the seasonality of the ⁷Be concentrations is tropopause height (+0.76, +0.56, +0.60), reflecting more vertical transport from upper tropospheric levels into the lower troposphere during the warm season than during the cold season.