Time discounting and the decision to protect areas that are near and threatened or remote and cheap to acquire

Should conservation organizations focus on protecting habitats that are at imminent risk of being converted but are expensive or more remote areas that are less immediately threatened but where a large amount of land can be set aside? Variants of this trade‐off commonly arise in spatial planning. I used models of land‐use change near a deforestation frontier to examine this trade‐off. The optimal choice of where to protect was determined by how decisions taken today accounted for ecological benefits and economic costs of conservation actions that would occur sometime in the future. I used an ecological and economic discount rate to weight these benefits and costs. A large economic discount rate favored protecting more remote areas, whereas a large, positive ecological discount rate favored protecting habitat near the current deforestation frontier. The decision over where to protect was also affected by the influence economic factors had on landowners' decisions, the rate of technological change, and ecological heterogeneity of the landscape. How benefits and costs through time are accounted for warrants careful consideration when specifying conservation objectives. It may provide a niche axis along which conservation organizations differentiate themselves when competing for donor funding or other support.     

A climatology of Be at four high-altitude stations at the Alps and the Northern Apennines

The ⁷Be activity concentrations measured from 1996 to 1998 at four high-altitude stations, Jungfraujoch—Switzerland, Zugspitze—Germany, Sonnblick—Austria and Mt. Cimone—Italy, were analyzed in combination with a set of, meteorological and atmospheric parameters such as the tropopause height, relative and specific humidity and also in conjunction with 3D back-trajectories in order to investigate the climatological features of ⁷Be. A frequency distribution analysis on ⁷Be activity concentrations revealed the existence of two concentration classes around 1.5 and 6 mBq m⁻³ and a transition class between the two modes of the distribution at 3–4 mBq m⁻³. Cross-correlation analysis performed between ⁷Be and a number of meteorological and atmospheric parameters at the first three stations showed a strong negative correlation with relative humidity (−0.56, −0.51, −0.41) indicating the importance of wet scavenging as a controlling mechanism. Also, the positive correlation with the height of 3-days back-trajectories and tropopause height (+0.49/+0.43, +0.59/+0.36, +0.44/+0.38) shows that downward transport from the upper or middle to lower troposphere within anticyclonic conditions plays also an important role. Trajectory statistics showed that low ⁷Be concentrations typically originate from lower-altitude subtropical ocean areas, while high concentrations arrive from the north and high altitudes, as is characteristic for stratospheric intrusions. Although the ⁷Be activity concentrations are highly episodic, the monthly means indicate an annual cycle with a late-summer maximum at all stations. The correlation coefficients calculated for monthly means of the ⁷Be and atmospheric data suggest that the main predictor controlling the seasonality of the ⁷Be concentrations is tropopause height (+0.76, +0.56, +0.60), reflecting more vertical transport from upper tropospheric levels into the lower troposphere during the warm season than during the cold season.     

含砷废水处理工程实践

介绍了一种中小型含砷废水治理的成功工程实例 ,并介绍了石灰沉降、FeSO4 除As的有关技术参数及独特的曝气系统设计。该设计弥补了以往设计中曝气系统氧利用率不高、曝气头易结垢堵塞及曝气头损坏后维修不方便等缺限。     

Bi5O7I/g-C3N4Z型异质结的常温沉淀制备及其光催化性能研究

以Bi（NO₃）₃·5H₂O、KI和g-C₃N₄为前驱体,采用常温沉淀法制备Bi₅O₇I/g-C₃N₄Z型异质结复合光催化剂,表征其光吸收性能、微观形貌、光生电子-空穴的分离效率等特性,研究新型光催化剂对RhB的可见光催化降解性能,探讨其可见光催化过程活性基团种类以及作用机理.结果表明：利用沉淀法合成Bi₅O₇I/g-C₃N₄的条件为：Bi（NO₃）₃·5H₂O、KI和g-C₃N₄的投加量分别为4.85g、1.66g和1.61g,乙二醇的用量为50mL,反应液的pH值为12,反应搅拌速度为200r/min,反应温度为25℃.Bi₅O₇I/g-C₃N₄异质结无杂相生成且纯度高,异质结复合发生在g-C₃N₄的（002）晶面和Bi₅O₇I的（203）晶面,但g-C₃N₄和Bi₅O₇I的化学结构未受影响.Bi₅O₇I/g-C₃N₄呈三维纳米花瓣形貌结构,为光生电子-空穴的迁移提供了大量的接触位点.Bi₅O₇I的g-C₃N₄掺杂改性使其光催化活性显著增强,其光吸收边缘由425nm红移至462nm,Bi₅O₇I/g-C₃N₄的能带排列结构与Z型异质结匹配,促进了光生电子-空穴的分离.其光电流密度（11.5mA/cm）约为g-C₃N₄和Bi₅O₇I对应值的2.66倍和1.47倍.Bi₅O₇I/g-C₃N₄对罗丹明B的可见光催化降解率为93.9%,显著高于g-C₃N₄（58%）和Bi₅O₇I（49.7%）的降解效果,其光催化氧化活性主要来自羟基基团、超氧基团和光生空穴等中间态自由基.     

The terms of trade debate and the policy implications for primary product producers

The terms of trade debate initiated by Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer over 60 years ago continues to this day and is unlikely to be resolved soon. However, even if Prebisch and Singer are right and the terms of trade of countries exporting primary products are falling, to suggest that these countries should diversify away from the production of mineral commodities and other primary products, as many have done, may be poor policy advice, encouraging countries to abandon a promising source of wealth with which to foster economic development.     

Prenatal diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma with constitutional partial monosomy 7q/trisomy 2p

We report the prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with sacrococcygeal teratoma and facial dysmorphism attributed to a constitutional terminal deletion of chromosome 7q and partial trisomy of chromosome 2p likely resulting from a de novo balanced translocation. The cytogenetic abnormality was diagnosed prenatally after sonographic detection of teratoma and confirmed on peripheral blood cells at birth. The newborn died of post-operative complications at seven days of age. FISH analysis demonstrated haploinsufficiency of HLXB9, a gene identified in the triad of a presacral mass (teratoma or anterior meningocele), sacral agenesis, and anorectal malformation, which constitutes the Currarino syndrome. Despite the absence of other features of the triad, the teratoma observed in the fetus we describe might represent a partial form of Currarino syndrome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GaN技术的大功率T/R组件可靠性设计与分析

结合T/R组件的工作原理,对影响大功率T/R组件可靠性的关键技术进行了设计与分析。通过与现有的基于GaAs技术的T/R组件设计电路对比分析,阐述了基于Ga N技术的大功率、高可靠性T/R组件的电路设计方法。     

T213数值预报产品对云南秋季强降水预报能力检验

利用Micaps系统下的T213数值预报产品从环流背景、散度场、温度场、水汽通量和降水预报对2005年10月29日云南中部及以南地区暴雨天气进行分析,结果表明:T213数值预报UV场对这次强降水的中低层影响系统切变的位置作了准确预报,强降水区的预报范围与实况接近,散度场、温度场、水汽通量对强降水天气有较好的预报指示意义.     

Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene（DBT） by a novel strain Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 isolated from diesel contaminated soil

A new bacterial strain DMT-7 capable of selectively desulfurizing dibenzothiophene (DBT) was isolated from diesel contaminated soil. The DMT-7 was characterized and identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GQ496620) using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The desulfurized product of DBT, 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2HBP), was identified and confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis respectively. The desulfurization kinetics revealed that DMT-7 started desulfurization of DBT into 2HBP after the lag phase of 24 hr, exponentially increasing the accumulation of 2HBP up to 15 days leading to approximately 60% desulfurization of the DBT. However, further growth resulted into DBT degradation. The induced culture of DMT-7 showed shorter lag phase of 6 hr and early onset of stationary phase within 10 days for desulfurization as compared to that of non-induced culture clearly indicating the inducibility of the desulfurization pathway of DMT-7. In addition, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 also possess the ability to utilize broad range of substrates as sole source of sulfur such as benzothiophene, 3,4-benzo DBT, 4,6-dimethyl DBT, and 4,6-dibutyl DBT. Therefore, Lysinibacillus sphaericus DMT-7 could serve as model system for efficient biodesulfurization of diesel and petrol.     

铁系混凝剂对大红染料废水处理效果研究

采用Fe(NO)3.39H2O和FeSO.47H2O混凝剂处理模拟大红染料废水,通过改变各药剂投加量及废水pH值,考察其对废水COD和色度的去除效果。实验结果表明:两种混凝剂在处理大红染料废水中都表现出了较好的脱色性能,而Fe(NO3)3.9H2O的去除性能较FeSO.47H2O更为优越。Fe(NO)3.39H2O对染料废水的脱色作用十分显著,所有的脱色率都在86%以上。当投加量为0.18 g时,脱色率达最大值93.3%;当投加量为0.24 g时,COD去除率为63.6%。FeSO.47H2O对废水色度的去除效果好于COD的去除。其最佳投加量为1.5 g,此时,脱色率达82.4%;当投加量为0.9 g时,COD去除率为51.8%。Fe(NO)3.39H2O在pH为5.0~9.0之间处理效果都较好,当pH=8时,其脱色率最高,为93.4%;FeSO.47H2O在pH为6.0~8.0之间最佳,当pH=8时,脱色率最高为83.2%。