Laboratory studies on volatilization and mineralization of 14c‐p,p'‐DDT in soil,release of bound residues and dissipation from solid surfaces

Abstract

In support of field data, laboratory studies were conducted on volatilization, mineralization and binding of ¹⁴C‐p,p'‐DDT in soils at Sao Paulo. Incubation of soil for 6 weeks did not result in volatilized organics or mineralization; with >95% extractable radiocarbon in the form of p,p'‐DDT. Small amounts of bound residues (1.8%) were detected in soil. These data confirm the very slow dissipation of DDT in the field which presumably relates to the acidic pH of soil (4.5–4.8).

Bound ¹⁴C‐residues in soils treated with ¹⁴C‐p,p'‐DDT at Praia Grande and Sao Paulo could be released (5–21%) by sulphuric acid treatment. The released residue had the composition: 69–90% DDT, 7–32% DDD and 0–3% DDE. Incubation of soil bound ¹⁴C‐residues with fresh inoculum for 3 months did not result in release of ¹⁴C.

Dissipation from wooden surfaces was fairly slow. After 20 weeks, 74% of the applied radioactivity could be recovered; 44% hexane‐non‐extractable.     

表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100（TX-100）和Tween80（TW-80）对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。     

蚯蚓细胞色素P450亚酶及代谢组学对土壤亚致死剂量草甘膦除草剂的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）为受试生物,通过外源添加污染物的方法,研究了暴露于亚致死剂量草甘膦（添加剂量分别为5、10、20、40 mg·kg^-1）的土壤中7 d后,蚯蚓生长抑制率、细胞色素P450亚酶（CYP1A2、2C9与3A4）活力及代谢组学对土壤草甘膦的响应,旨在探讨亚致死剂量草甘膦能否对非靶标生物蚯蚓产生不良影响及其毒性作用机制,初步推断其毒性作用阈值,并筛选敏感生物标记物.结果表明：从蚯蚓生长抑制率来看,各处理组与对照组无显著差异;从蚯蚓CYP亚酶活力来看,在高剂量草甘膦（20、40 mg·kg^-1）处理下,CYP亚酶活力均受到显著抑制;基于代谢组学鉴定并筛选出14个小分子代谢物标记物,其中9个小分子代谢物（分别是1,6-二磷酸果糖、β-D-果糖6-磷酸、丙酮酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、延胡索酸、肌酸、甜菜碱）在5~40 mg·kg^-1草甘膦暴露下显著低于对照水平,另外2个小分子代谢物（尿酸与二十-羟-二十烷四烯酸）则在草甘膦处理下显著升高.代谢组学的响应表明,草甘膦暴露（5~40 mg·kg^-1）致使蚯蚓糖酵解与三羧酸循环减弱,氨基酸代谢受损,嘌呤代谢紊乱,细胞渗透功能受损,对蚯蚓产生了明显毒副作用,其毒副作用还与细胞色素P450酶代谢相关.蚯蚓CYP亚酶活力与小分子代谢物标记物作为敏感生物标记物,可联合诊断土壤亚致死剂量草甘膦污染.     

无锡某地区土壤中有机氯农药污染状况调查

调查分析了无锡市某地区土壤有机氯农药污染状况。数据表明,该地区土壤有机氯农药主要残留组分为p,p＇-DDE和p,p’-DDT,其浓度处于较低水平,对生态环境和人类健康无显著危害。     

海南岛生态安全评价

从生态安全涵义理解出发,建立了包括资源依赖性、生态环境状态、生态系统服务功能三方面在内的区域生态安全评价体系,提出区域生态安全系数概念和计算方法,并以海南岛为例,评价了其陆地生态系统安全,得出海南陆地综合生态安全系数为0.610,其生态服务功能安全性较高(0.772),而资源依赖性安全系数最低(0.468)。从研究可知,海南岛生态安全整体情况比较好,尤其是在水土保持、自然灾害抵制、空气净化等方面,但其能源的自给能力、生物多样性维持以及生活垃圾和污水的处理等方面都存在很大的不安全隐患,应采取科学合理的措施加以改善,从而构建海南岛安全的生态系统,实现区域可持续发展。     

变性高效液相色谱在大通量筛查基因突变中的应用

应用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC)对已知序列的含外显子7的斑马鱼p53基因片段PCR产物进行突变检测,结果表明,通过克隆测序方法检测出的点突变,用DHPLC同样可以检出.且对该片段的最优化检测柱温为60℃,其特异性很好,敏感性大于95%.     

DNA聚合酶对PCR方法检测基因点突变的干扰分析

以野生型斑马鱼p53基因外显子7为目的片段,运用变性高效液相色谱(DHPLC),比较分析三种常用的商品DNA聚合酶对聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术检测基因点突变的影响.DHPLC检测结果显示,Promega Shanghai公司Taq DNA聚合酶,Promega公司Taq DNA聚合酶和BD Biosciences公司高保真酶Advantage-HF2的分子突变频率分别为14.3%,5.95%和0.76%.通过DNA直接测序法确认表明,Promega公司Taq DNA聚合酶和BD Biosciences公司高保真酶Advantage-HF2的碱基突变频率分别为3.61×10-4和7.69×10-5.研究表明,不同的DNA聚合酶对PCR技术的检测结果有明显影响,高保真酶Advantage-HF2所造成的碱基错配率明显低于其它两种商业化Taq酶.     

Equity trade‐offs in conservation decision making

Conservation decisions increasingly involve multiple environmental and social objectives, which result in complex decision contexts with high potential for trade‐offs. Improving social equity is one such objective that is often considered an enabler of successful outcomes and a virtuous ideal in itself. Despite its idealized importance in conservation policy, social equity is often highly simplified or ill‐defined and is applied uncritically. What constitutes equitable outcomes and processes is highly normative and subject to ethical deliberation. Different ethical frameworks may lead to different conceptions of equity through alternative perspectives of what is good or right. This can lead to different and potentially conflicting equity objectives in practice. We promote a more transparent, nuanced, and pluralistic conceptualization of equity in conservation decision making that particularly recognizes where multidimensional equity objectives may conflict. To help identify and mitigate ethical conflicts and avoid cases of good intentions producing bad outcomes, we encourage a more analytical incorporation of equity into conservation decision making particularly during mechanistic integration of equity objectives. We recommend that in conservation planning motivations and objectives for equity be made explicit within the problem context, methods used to incorporate equity objectives be applied with respect to stated objectives, and, should objectives dictate, evaluation of equity outcomes and adaptation of strategies be employed during policy implementation.     

Estimating the extinction date of the thylacine with mixed certainty data

The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), one of Australia's most characteristic megafauna, was the largest marsupial carnivore until hunting, and potentially disease, drove it to extinction in 1936. Although thylacines were restricted to Tasmania for 2 millennia prior to their extinction, recent so‐called plausible sightings on the Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland have emerged, leading some to speculate the species may have persisted undetected. We compiled a data set that included physical evidence, expert‐validated sightings, and unconfirmed sightings up to the present day and implemented a range of extinction models (focusing on a Bayesian approach that incorporates all 3 types of data by modeling valid and invalid sightings as independent processes) to evaluate the likelihood of the thylacine's persistence. Although the last captive individual died in September 1936, our results suggested that the most likely extinction date would be 1940. Our other extinction models estimated the thylacine's extinction date between 1936 and 1943, and the most optimistic scenario indicated that the species did not persist beyond 1956. The search for the thylacine, much like similar efforts to rediscover other recently extinct charismatic taxa, is likely to be fruitless, especially given that persistence on Tasmania would have been no guarantee the species could reappear in regions that had been unoccupied for millennia. The search for the thylacine may become a rallying point for conservation and wildlife biology and could indirectly help fund and support critical research in understudied areas such as Cape York. However, our results suggest that attempts to rediscover the thylacine will be unsuccessful and that the continued survival of the thylacine is entirely implausible based on most current mathematical theories of extinction.     

Toward an integrative molecular approach to wildlife disease

Pathogens pose serious threats to human health, agricultural investment, and biodiversity conservation through the emergence of zoonoses, spillover to domestic livestock, and epizootic outbreaks. As such, wildlife managers are often tasked with mitigating the negative effects of disease. Yet, parasites form a major component of biodiversity that often persist. This is due to logistical challenges of implementing management strategies and to insufficient understanding of host–parasite dynamics. We advocate for an inclusive understanding of molecular diversity in driving parasite infection and variable host disease states in wildlife systems. More specifically, we examine the roles of genetic, epigenetic, and commensal microbial variation in disease pathogenesis. These include mechanisms underlying parasite virulence and host resistance and tolerance, and the development, regulation, and parasite subversion of immune pathways, among other processes. Case studies of devil facial tumor disease in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and chytridiomycosis in globally distributed amphibians exemplify the broad range of questions that can be addressed by examining different facets of molecular diversity. For particularly complex systems, integrative molecular analyses present a promising frontier that can provide critical insights necessary to elucidate disease dynamics operating across scales. These insights enable more accurate risk assessment, reconstruction of transmission pathways, discernment of optimal intervention strategies, and development of more effective and ecologically sound treatments that minimize damage to the host population and environment. Such measures are crucial when mitigating threats posed by wildlife disease to humans, domestic animals, and species of conservation concern.