Comparative studies on the sex pheromones of Ostrinia spp. in Japan: the burdock borer, Ostrinia zealis

Summary. To gain insight into the evolution of the sex pheromone communication system in Ostrinia (Lepidoptera Pyralidae), the sex pheromone of the burdock borer, O. zealis was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), GC-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays. Four EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and these were identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc). The average amounts (ratio) of the four compounds in single sex pheromone glands were 2.5 ng (13%), 11.6 ng (61%), 4.1 ng (21%) and 0.9 ng (5%), respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the ternary blend of Z9-, E11- and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio found in the sex pheromone gland elicited the same behavioral responses from the males as did virgin females. 14:OAc did not show any enhancement or inhibition of the males’ behavioral responses when added to the ternary blend. The attractiveness of the 3-component lure to O. zealis males was also confirmed by field trapping experiments. Based on these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of O. zealis is composed of Z9-14:OAc, E11-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc at a ratio of 70:24:6. The evolutionary changes of the sex pheromones in Ostrinia are also discussed based on the presently available information on the sex pheromones and phylogenetic relationships of Ostrinia spp. Received 25 September 1998; accepted 2 December 1998.     

微生物絮凝剂MBFA9澄清黄芪水提液的研究

探讨微生物絮凝剂MBFA9代替乙醇对黄芪水提液进行澄清除杂的可行性.考察实验条件对絮凝效果的影响,并且对两种方法中有效成分的保留情况进行了比较.实验结果表明,微生物絮凝剂MBFA9对黄芪水提液有良好的澄清效果,MBFA9用量0.08 mL/L、温度60 ℃、pH=8、CaCl2质量浓度0.04 mg/L为实验最佳条件值.MBFA9澄清的方法比传统的水提醇沉法更有利于有效成分的保留.     

Predicting Risk of Habitat Conversion in Native Temperate Grasslands

Abstract: Native grasslands that support diverse populations of birds are being converted to cropland at an increasing rate in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Although limited funding is currently available to mitigate losses, accurate predictions of probability of conversion would increase the efficiency of conservation measures. We studied conversion of native grassland to cropland in the Missouri Coteau region of North and South Dakota (U.S.A.) during 1989–2003. We estimated the probability of conversion of native grassland to cropland with satellite imagery and logistic regression models that predicted risk of conversion and by comparing the overlap between areas of high biological value and areas most vulnerable to conversion. Annualized probability of conversion was 0.004, and 36,540 ha of native grassland were converted to cropland during the period of our study. Our predictive models fit the data and correctly predicted 70% of observed conversions of grassland. Probability of conversion varied spatially and was correlated with landscape features like amount of surrounding grassland, slope, and soil productivity. Tracts of high biological value were not always at high risk of conversion. We concluded the most biologically valuable areas that are most vulnerable to conversion should be prioritized for conservation. This approach can be applied broadly to other systems and offers great utility for implementing conservation in areas with spatially variable biological value and probability of conversion.     

镉致鸡脾淋巴细胞凋亡及对p53mRNA表达的影响

应用吖啶橙/溴化乙锭荧光染色(AO/EB)法、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳及半定量RT-PCR法检测了氯化镉在浓度0～30mol/L范围内对体外培养的鸡脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡及对p53mRNA表达的影响.结果表明,浓度为0～30mol/L的镉能引起鸡脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡及干扰p53mRNA的表达,低浓度镉引起的细胞凋亡与p53mRNA的表达密切相关,而高浓度的镉能够导致鸡脾脏淋巴细胞坏死.     

对氨基酚生产废水处理的研究状况

介绍了近10年来对氨基酚生产废水处理方法的研究现状及3种主要处理方法－物化法、生物法、化学法,评述了各自的优缺点。     

Effects of river-flow regulation on anuran occupancy and abundance in riparian zones

The natural flow regimes of rivers worldwide have been heavily altered through anthropogenic activities, and dams in particular have a pervasive effect on riverine ecosystems. Flow-regulation effects of dams negatively affect species diversity and abundance of a variety of aquatic animals, including invertebrates and fishes. However, the effects on semiaquatic animals are relatively unknown. We conducted anuran calling surveys at 42 study locations along the Broad and Pacolet Rivers in South Carolina to address the potential effects of flow regulation by damming on anuran occupancy and abundance. We estimated occupancy and abundance with Program PRESENCE. Models incorporated distance upstream and downstream from the nearest dam as covariates and urbanization pressure as an alternative stressor. Distance from dam was associated with occupancy of 2 of the 9 anuran species in our analyses and with abundance of 6 species. In all cases, distance downstream from nearest dam was a better predictor of occupancy and abundance than distance upstream from nearest dam. For all but one species, distance downstream from nearest dam was positively correlated with both occupancy and abundance. Reduced occupancy and abundance of anurans likely resulted from downstream alterations in flow regime associated with damming, which can lead to reduced area of riparian wetlands that serve as anuran breeding habitat. Our results showed that damming has a strong negative effect on multiple anuran species across large spatial extents and suggest that flow regulation can affect semiaquatic animals occupying riparian zones.     

柴油发电机组在高层民用建筑消防设计中的选用

阐述了柴油发电机组在高层民用建筑消防设计中的容量计算、选型等问题。