环境质量评价中若干评价方法的比较

探讨了目前用于环境质量评价的若干方法－－模糊综合评判法,灰色聚类法,灰关联分析方法及改进形式,物元分析方法及改进形式的共点与异点,指出要推求一种适合环境质量评价实际的方法尚有大量工作要做。     

Determination of Water-soluble Atmospheric Aerosols Using Ion Chromatography

A field study was established to investigate the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Chicago, IL. One goal of this study was to determine the influence of precursor trace gases and local meteorology on concentrations of secondary aerosol ionic species. This paper describes the method details, shows the method is analytically valid, and reports overall as well as some specific results found during the field study. Two particulate air samples were collected per day onto quartz fiber filters at the Loyola University Chicago Air Station during the summer months in 2002–2004. In parallel, mixing ratios of ozone and nitrogen oxides were monitored and weather parameters were recorded. Particulates were extracted from the filter substrates and the subsequent solutions were analyzed by ion chromatography for anions, including low molecular weight organic acids, and cations. A washing procedure was implemented to reduce the high background values of the quartz fiber filters. Method validation showed that the collection method was efficient for all ions with exception of nitrate, whose efficiency of 70% indicated losses caused by volatilization. The extraction method also proved efficient for both field and laboratory samples, and the repeatability of the method was high with relative standard deviations less than 10% for all ions. Reproducibility of the results was determined by comparison of sulfate to sulfur analyzed by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and proved to be high as well. Concentrations differed significantly between the three summer studies due to varying levels of precursor species as a consequence of distinct temperatures and wind direction profiles.     

厌氧微生物与Fe-Ni双金属材料联合对四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的去除

作为开发强化去除典型溴代阻燃剂四溴双酚A的重要一环,研究了厌氧微生物与Fe-Ni双金属材料联合对四溴双酚A的去除.结果显示:首先,联合体系较单独的厌氧微生物及单独的Fe-Ni双金属材料去除四溴双酚A有更高的去除率,6 h去除率可达到75.50%;联合体系四溴双酚A去除过程符合一级动力学模型,速率常数k为2.2917 h-1,半衰期为0.31 h.其次,利用基于BOX-Behnken(BBD)设计的响应面分析法(RSM)来寻找联合体系四溴双酚A的最佳去除条件,在初始接菌量为0.8,温度为29℃,TBBPA初始浓度为5 mg·L-1时,四溴双酚A的去除率最大.最后,受环境干扰情况的实验结果表明,自然水体条件或添加腐殖酸干扰情况下,均会造成联合体系对四溴双酚A去除率一定程度的降低.     

基于三次指数平滑模型的雾霾天气分析与预测

通过建立三次指数平滑模型,分析2002~2012年我国二氧化硫和烟尘的排放量以及每年在环境污染治理方面的投资总额等指标,得出未来3年内我国雾霾天气仍会频发的结论,并究其原因进行了分析。     

不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放

甲烷和氧化亚氮是两种重要的非二氧化碳温室气体.城市污水处理厂是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要释放源.因此,为探究不同污水处理工艺甲烷和氧化亚氮的释放现状和变化规律,通过浮流式表面集气罩对西安市第三污水处理厂（Orbal氧化沟工艺）和第四污水处理厂（A/A/O工艺）生物处理过程中甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放情况进行测定,比较不同污水处理工艺中非二氧化碳温室气体的释放情况,并以第四污水处理厂为例研究溶解氧、温度对非二氧化碳温室气体释放量的影响.结果表明,西安市第三污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷1181 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮36.20 mg（以N₂O计）,西安市第四污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷209 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮54.64 mg（以N₂O计）.温度、曝气方式、溶解氧浓度、亚硝酸盐氧化速率和最大产甲烷活性是甲烷和氧化亚氮释放量的重要影响因素.     

三氯苯酚对A^2／O工艺污泥产率的影响

应用2,4,5-三氯苯酚（TCP）作为化学解偶联剂投加到A2／O工艺中进行试验,在A^2／O连续流工艺中研究TCP不同投加方式对试验的影响,结果表明：在保持TCP总投加量相同的情况下,采用大剂量一次性投加的污泥减量效果比小剂量分次投加的效果好。即每两天投加240mg TCP,污泥产量比对照下降了67．10％,而每天投加120mg TCP,污泥产量比对照仅下降了35．90％。A^2／O工艺中COD的去除能力有所下降,当一次性投加240mgTCP时,COD的去除率比对照下降了26．80％,但出水氨氮和总氮的浓度未受多大影响,磷的去除率有些下降,SVI有所上升,但是没有严重影响污泥的沉降性能。     

后曝气池HRT对改进型A_2N工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

对A2N连续流工艺进行改进,在后曝气池中填加生物膜填料,以生活污水为处理对象,考察了后曝气池水力停留时间(HRT)对后曝气池内同步硝化反硝化(SND)以及对改进后的A2N工艺除磷脱氮性能的影响.后曝气池HRT为1.3h时,总磷(TP)平均去除率为90%,总氮(TN)平均去除率为75%,但平均出水氨氮浓度较高(为8.6 mg.L-1),后曝气池内基本未发现SND现象.后曝气池HRT为2.3h时,TN平均去除率达到80%,TP平均去除率高达95%,出水平均氨氮浓度较低(2.2 mg.L-1),后曝气池内同步硝化反硝化去除的TN量为2.42 mg.L-1.后曝气池HRT为4h、6h时,工艺TP平均去除率逐渐下降至60%,由于可利用的COD值较低,同步硝化反硝化去除的TN并未随HRT延长而有明显增长,TN去除率也逐渐降至接近60%.试验证明在后曝气池内填加生物膜并合理调控HRT,可强化工艺的脱氮除磷效果.     

低温低C/N比复合A~2/O启动实验研究

研究了低温低碳氮比条件下好氧段添加AquaMat(s阿科蔓)的A2/O工艺的挂膜启动实验。结果表明:在环境温度为10¹2℃,C/N为3.5左右的条件下,当系统HRT为10 h,SRT为15 d,污泥回流比为100%,硝化液回流比为200%,好氧段DO在212℃,C/N为3.5左右的条件下,当系统HRT为10 h,SRT为15 d,污泥回流比为100%,硝化液回流比为200%,好氧段DO在2³ mg/L,初始MLSS为4 000 mg/L时,好氧段阿科蔓经30 d左右挂膜成功。系统对COD,氨氮,总氮的去除率分别达到90%、97%、60%。对总磷的去除率低且不稳定。实验研究了挂膜过程中COD、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷、ORP、MLSS及微生物相的变化规律并分析了变化原因。     

有机染料废水处理的新技术研究

综述了有机染料废水处理法中的的新技术,包括磁分离法、超声波辐射法、非平衡等离子体法、湿式空气氧化法、超临界水氧化法、焚烧技术、光催化氧化法、电化学法、生物法和膜分离法.     

Effects of dissolved organic matter from sewage sludge on sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A by soils

Sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) by soil influences its fate and transport in the environment. The presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may complicate the sorption process in soil. The effects of DOM from sewage sludge on TBBPA sorption by three soils were investigated using batch equilibration experiments in the study. DOM was observed to be sorbed on the soils and the isotherms could be fitted by the Langmuir model. The effects of DOM on TBBPA sorption were dependent on the characteristics ...