Impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification in a bench-scale drinking water distribution system

Nitrification occurs in chloraminated drinking water systems and is affected by water quality parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification potential in a simulated drinking water distribution system as during chloramination. The occurrence of nitrification and activity of nitrifying bacteria was primarily monitored using four rotating annular bioreactors (RAB) with different chlorine to ammonia ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) levels. The results indicated that nitrification occurred despite at a low influent concentration of ammonia, and a high concentration of nitrite nitrogen was detected in the effluent. The study illustrated that reactors 1(R1) and 3 (R3), with higher TOC levels, produced more nitrite nitrogen, which was consistent with the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) counts, and was linked to a relatively more rapid decay of chloramines in comparison to their counterparts (R2 and R4). The AOB and HPC counts were correlated during the biofilm formation with the establishment of nitrification. Biofilm AOB abundance was also higher in the high TOC reactors compared with the low TOC reactors. The chlorine to ammonia ratio did not have a significant impact on the occurrence of nitrification. Bulk water with a high TOC level supported the occurrence of nitrification, and AOB development occurred at all examined chlorine to ammonia dose ratios (3:1 or 5:1).     

Limitation of spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in the Haihe River, China, by heavy metals

The Haihe River is characterized by high ammonia pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how environmental factors, such as heavy metals in the river limit the spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. In this study, the relationships between five heavy metals and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms were studied. The results showed that under high ammonia, low oxygen and high concentrations of suspended particles, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) ranged from 101:3 to 104:8 gene copies/mL and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) ranged from 102:7 to 104:9 gene copies/mL. The average metal concentrations in water were 23.57(Cr), 21.58(Ni), 65.09(Cu), 622.03(Zn) and 10.16(As) μg/L, with those of Zn, Cu and Cr being higher than the US EPA criteria. Scatter plots of microbial abundance and metals indicated that both AOA and AOB were limited by heavy metals, but in different ways. As had an inhibitory effect on AOB, while Ni and Zn promoted AOA, and the other metals investigated showed no significant correlation with microbial abundance. Overall, our results indicated that the effects of heavy metals on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in water are complex, and that the final effect is determined by the physiological role of each element in the microorganisms, as well as environmental conditions such as complexation of organic matter, not simply the total metal concentration.     

氨氮浓度对CANON工艺功能微生物丰度和群落结构的影响

为了研究CANON工艺在常温低氨氮基质条件下的宏观运行效能及微观生态系统,通过调节曝气量和水力停留时间(HRT)实现了CANON工艺在不同进水氨氮浓度下的稳定运行,并基于PCR-DGGE和荧光定量PCR方法,分析了氨氮浓度对反应器中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(ANAMMOX菌)群落结构及丰度的影响.结果表明,较高氨氮环境中总氮去除负荷在1.0 g·(L·d)-1以上,当氨氮浓度降至100 mg·L-1时,总氮去除负荷明显降低.进水氨氮浓度对AOB的群落结构有重要影响,而对ANAMMOX菌群落影响较小.AOB和ANAMMOX菌的丰度随氨氮浓度的降低而减少,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的丰度随氨氮浓度的降低而增加,这可能是导致系统脱氮效果下降的主要原因.因此,需要通过一定的调控手段,减少AOB和ANAMMOX菌的损失,抑制NOB的生长,以便维持系统在低氨氮条件下的脱氮性能.     

污水处理工艺对氨氧化菌及细菌群落的影响

采用针对氨氧化菌(AOB)功能基因氨单加氧酶(amoA)的末端限制性片段长度多态性技术(T-RFLP)、克隆测序等方法,研究了北京市2个污水处理厂的4个污水处理系统中AOB的群落结构,同时采用针对16S rRNA基因的T-RFLP技术分析了总细菌的群落结构.T-RFLP指纹图谱分析表明,4个污水处理系统中AOB的优势限制性片段(T-RF)均为291bp和354bp,细菌的优势T-RF为115,117,166,455,465, 468,471,482,800,893bp等.说明污水处理工艺对系统中AOB及细菌的群落结构影响很小.对功能基因amoA的系统发育分析表明,4个污水处理系统中优势AOB均属于Nitrosomonas europaea cluster和Nitrosomonas oligotropha culster.     

城市污水处理厂活性污泥中氨氧化菌群落结构研究

为了解析污水处理厂中氨氧化菌(AOB)的群落结构,以及处理工艺、规模等参数对AOB群落结构的影响,采用针对AOB功能基因氨单加氧酶(amoA)的末端限制性片段长度多态性技术(T-RFLP)、克隆测序等方法,研究了北京市6个污水处理厂的9个污水处理系统中AOB的群落结构.T-RFLP指纹图谱表明不同污水处理系统中AOB的群落结构有所不同,主要的末端限制性片段(T-RF)为354、491和291 bp.T-RFLP指纹图谱及聚类分析表明,污水处理工艺对系统中AOB的群落结构影响较小,而处理规模对AOB的群落结构有一定的影响.对功能基因amoA的系统发育分析表明,污水处理系统中优势AOB均为Nitrosomonasspp.,而非Nitrosospiraspp..这可能是Nitrosomonasspp.的最大比增长速率(μmax)较高,使其更容易成为活性污泥系统中的优势AOB.     

低温投加短程硝化污泥下城市污水SPN/A工艺运行特性

以城市污水为研究对象,考察低温条件下通过生物添加强化氨氧化菌（AOB）活性,并进一步提高短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化（SPN/A）工艺脱氮效果的可行性.平行运行2个序批式反应器（SBR） SBR1与SBR²,在间歇曝气条件下运行,控制温度由30℃梯度下降至15℃（30,27,24,21,18,15℃）,随后逐步回升至30℃.在降温与升温过程中,向SBR²中定期投加短程硝化污泥强化AOB活性,SBR1作为空白试验不进行投加.结果表明,30℃时SBR1与SBR²在不外加短程硝化污泥的条件下均可成功启动并稳定运行,脱氮效果均良好;温度降至15℃时,SBR1与SBR²出水NH₄⁺-N分别为36.38,33.10mg/L,总氮去除率分别为30.72%与35.76%,2个反应器脱氮效果均变差,SBR²较SBR1抗低温能力较强;梯度升温至30℃时,SBR1与SBR²总氮去除率分别升至52.43%与63.60%.通过考察SBR1与SBR²菌群活性可知,2个反应器的菌群活性均随着温度降低而降低,但SBR²的AOB丰度活性均高于SBR1;温度回升阶段,2个反应器的菌群活性有所升高,其中SBR²亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）活性受到抑制持续降低,推测这是因为SBR²中的AOB活性得到强化后,产生更多的亚硝酸盐,厌氧氨氧化菌（Anammox）可获得基质增多,造成Anammox活性丰度较高,所以SBR²脱氮效果相对较好.因此,在低温条件下通过生物添加强化SPN/A系统中AOB活性,可提高系统抗温度冲击能力,利于系统脱氮效果的恢复.     

Effects of selected pharmaceutically active compounds on the ammonia oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are commonly found in wastewater influent. However, little research has focused on determining their impact on fundamental processes in wastewater treatment such as nitrogen removal. In this study, focus was placed on 4 commonly occurring PhACs (ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine and gemfibrozil). Their effect was ascertained in the ammonia oxidizing bacterium (AOB), Nitrosomonaseuropaea in terms of membrane integrity and nitrite production. These PhACs were shown to inhibit nitrite production at concentrations of 1 and 10 μM while no effect was observed at 0.1 μM. The maximum observed nitrification inhibition was 25%, 29%, 22% and 26% for ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine and gemfibrozil, respectively. A decrease in the live/dead ratio ranging from 10% to 16% suggests that these PhACs affect membrane integrity in N.europaea. The difference in nitrite production between PhACs treated cells and non PhAC treated controls was still significant following washing suggesting that inhibition is irreversible. Finally, nitrite production when adjusted to the live fraction of cells was also found to decrease suggesting that PhACs inhibited the activity of surviving cells. These results suggest that the presence of PhACs may affect AOB activity and may impact nitrogen removal, a key function in wastewater treatment. Follow up studies with additional AOB and in mixed culture are needed to further confirm these results.