中国工业废水处理过程CDM项目机会研究

文章通过对联合国环境署制订的用于工业废水处理项目中实施清洁发展机制（CDM）合格性识别的方法学进行分析,以及根据项目建议书和官方网站信息统计归纳的国外工业废水处理项目CDM开发的成功案例,并结合中国工业废水氧化塘处理法的现状情况,对中国工业废水尤其是高浓度有机废水处理中CDM项目开发机会进行了探索性的研究,提出在食品工业尤其是酒精废水、淀粉废水、酿酒废水的处理过程中开展CDM项目的可行性。以此对中国工业废水中CDM项目的未来开发情况进行了设想与建议。     

北京市可再生能源利用现状、发展趋势及对策研究

本文分析了北京市能源消费与供给的情况,针对可再生能源应用的现状及其存在的主要问题,提出了北京能源可持续利用和发展过程中提升可再生能源比重的对策和建议。     

高浓度有机废水处理领域的CDM项目分析

清洁发展机制(CDM)项目的开发,既有利于发达国家温室气体减排任务的实现,又有利于发展中国家技术的进步。针对高浓度有机废水的特点,结合河北省石家庄市某酿酒厂废水处理沼气发电项目,对高浓度有机废水处理中的沼气发电CDM项目进行了分析,根据CDM方法学AMS-III-H计算该项目的减排量。结果表明,在CDM机制下该项目年减排量预计为39,378 tCO2,并可以获得可观的资金收益。大大减少了温室气体的排放量,具有良好的社会、经济和环境效益。     

抗醇泡沫灭火剂在水溶性有机溶剂表面铺展能力的实验研究

为了研究抗醇泡沫灭火剂在水溶性有机溶剂表面的铺展能力,发明了一种新的实验方法,正交实验了9种配方。得到了粘度、发泡倍数和表面张力对铺展能力的影响数据,通过方差分析验证了数据的可靠性。研究发现抗醇泡沫灭火剂的粘度和发泡倍数可以影响其在醇类表面的铺展能力,但是表面张力对铺展无影响。对于泡沫的铺展存在一个最佳粘度和最差发泡倍数。扩散系数不能表征抗醇泡沫灭火剂在水溶性有机溶剂表面的铺展能力。     

Evaluation of the fish short term reproduction assay for detecting endocrine disrupters

In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment.     

我国城市生活垃圾处理行业2011年发展综述

回顾了我国生活垃圾处理的发展概况,归纳了2011年国家发布和实施的有关标准和政策;介绍了2011年新批准申请CDM的填埋气体利用项目和生活垃圾焚烧发电项目、垃圾堆肥项目,以及新投入运行的生活垃圾焚烧发电厂等;对城市生活垃圾处理行业的发展进行了展望。     

钢铁生产过程碳足迹研究——以南京钢铁联合有限公司为例

基于碳平衡原理阐述了钢铁生产过程碳足迹的内涵,并构建了生产过程碳足迹模型,包括总碳足迹、吨钢碳足迹、吨工序碳足迹等计算方法.同时,计算分析了南京钢铁联合有限公司(简称“南钢”)2005-2011年化石燃料、熔剂、动力介质及(副)产品的统计数据,最后对比了南钢近几年生产过程碳足迹的变化形势.结果表明,2011年南钢生产过程总碳足迹为1716.3万t,比2005年增加了53％;吨钢碳足迹从2005年的2.583 t·t-1减少到2011年的2.245 t·t-1;炼铁工序吨钢碳足迹比其他所有工序总和要多.另外,研究发现,南钢实施节能减排及清洁发展机制(CDM)后取得了一定的成效,但仍存在不足,最后提出了节能减排建议,对钢铁企业的发展具有借鉴意义.     

Sn-MOF对染料废水中酸性大红3R的吸附特性

通过水热法合成了一种新型的金属有机骨架Sn-MOF,研究了Sn-MOF对染料废水中酸性大红3R(AR3R)的吸附特性。通过SEM、TEM、比表面积测定和红外光谱等方法对Sn-MOF进行了表征,并探讨了初始pH、吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响。用拟一级动力学方程、拟二级动力学方程、Elovich方程、粒子扩散方程对吸附曲线进行了分析,研究了其吸附的动力学机理。在研究的条件范围内,拟二级动力学方程和Elovich方程的拟合度较好。通过吸附等温线拟合发现Freundlich方程(R²=0.986 8)能很好地描述Sn-MOF对AR3R的吸附行为,这说明Sn-MOF对AR3R的吸附是化学吸附。粒子扩散方程表明,粒子内扩散不是控制Sn-MOF吸附过程的唯一步骤,膜扩散也参与了吸附过程。热力学实验结果表明,AR3R的去除过程是一种自发的吸热过程。经光催化再生处理6个循环后,吸附容量没有明显降低。     

CDM碳交易市场项目类型探讨

对CDM市场的项目类型进行了归纳与分析,总结了CDM项目类型与项目注册过程中的问题,对CDM项目交易市场的现状及制度进行了探讨,并提出了相关建议。     

Technical Procedures for CDM Project Design

The success of CDM depends on active participation of public and private entities. In particular, participation of wide range of private companies is an important factor for the success. In order to promote the participation of private companies in the CDM project activities as project participants, the authors clarify the steps and technical issues involved in the CDM project design procedures in a step-by-step approach. The steps consist of outlining the project plans, identifying project impacts, defining a project boundary, estimating GHG emissions reduction/enhancement of removals, documenting the results of estimation, and designing of monitoring plans. The authors also propose guidance for project participants, especially for those not familiar with the CDM, which provides plain explanation of major technical issues. In order to further develop a complete guideline, it is necessary to integrate the outputs of the ongoing international initiatives concerning technical issues of CDM into the stepwise approach proposed in this paper. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.