海河流域河流空间分布特征及演变趋势

海河流域涵盖我国"京津冀"经济圈,河流对流域内人类生存和经济发展具有重要支撑作用,研究河流空间分布及演变趋势对于合理利用河流水资源、保护河流生态和实现经济可持续发展具有重要意义.本文运用遥感资料的GIS分析方法,对海河流域的河流地貌、水系结构、河流曲率和河网密度、闸坝等指标进行分析,发现:1海河流域河流地貌划分为上游山区段、中部平原段和下游滨海段,3个区段水系形状依次为树枝状(受人为干扰小),编织状(中度人为干扰),稀疏编织状(人为干扰强烈);2流域水库和水闸修建阻断河流纵向连续性,五大水系(滦河、北三河、永定河、大清河、子牙河)连续性指标值低于5;320世纪60年代—80年代—2000年,流域河流平均曲率不断减小,河网密度呈现不定向波动,反映出人为控制对河道形态改变程度大.今后应减少人类活动对河流自然属性的改变,河流治理和修复过程中应充分考虑保护和改造河流地貌、水系结构、河流曲率和河网密度.     

上海地区主要农作物气象灾害评估预测警示系统的研究

主要农作物气象灾害评估预测警示系统网页共有二部分内容：历年灾害动态对比和早涝趋势预测与警示。历年灾害动态对比是对比1991年以后上海地区主要表l作物气象灾害的变化情况。早涝趋势预测是在降水趋势预测基础上，对未来月或农时段降水量进行预测。     

Climatology,Trend Analysis and Prediction of Sandstorms and their Associated Dustfall in China

Based on statistical data about Sand and Dust Storms (SDS) and their associated dustfall, features of temporal and spatialdistribution were studied first in this article. SDS and associateddustfalls occurred most often in northern China, especiallynorthwestern China. However, in the last two years, they have atendency to occur on the central and western parts of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. As a result, Beijing is now among the impact areas, and the Chinese government is paying greaterattention to the matter. The changing trends of SDS and associated dustfalls were subsequently analyzed. Occurrences were seen to be decreasing with the feature of fluctuation duringthe period of 1954–2001, but they have slightly increased since 2000. Also, climate factors related to SDS and associated dustfalls were discussed. Finally, it was recommended that methods to predict SDS in China be further studied in the future.     

LONG TERM TRENDS OF ANNUAL AND MONTHLY PRECIPITATION IN JAPAN1

ABSTRACT: Long term trends in Japan's annual and monthly precipitation are investigated in this study. The statistical significance of a trend at a study site is assessed by the Mann‐Kendall (MK) test, and field significance of trends in climatic Regions II, III, and IV is evaluated using the bootstrap test preserving cross correlation. The practical significance of a trend is judged by a percentage change of the sample mean over an observation period. The field significance assessment demonstrates that annual precipitation in Region II did not show any significant change, but regional precipitation shifts occurred in different months. Precipitation significantly increased by 12.2 percent in May, while it significantly decreased by 12.0, 10.5, 15.6, and 19.7 percent, respectively, in April, September, October, and December. In Region III, annual precipitation declined by 11.8 percent, and monthly precipitation significantly decreased from September through January and in April, with the greatest decrease (38.2 percent) in December. In Region IV, significant reductions occurred in both annual precipitation (by 15.6 percent) and monthly precipitation from September through February and in June and July, with the worst reduction (44.7 percent) in December.     

Water-Quality Monitoring and Biological Integrity Assessment in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Status, Trends, and Loadings (1988–1994)

a production in the central, south central, and the south segments of the lagoon. In a system as large and complex as the lagoon, N and P limitations are potentially subject to significant spatial and temporal variability. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TN) was higher in the north (1.25 mg/liter) and lower in the south (0.89 mg/liter). The reverse pattern was observed for total P (TP), i.e., lowest in the north (0.03 mg/liter) and highest at the south (0.14 mg/liter) ends of the IRL. This increased P concentration in the SIRL appears to have a significantly large effect on chlorophyll a production compared with the other segments, as indicated by stepwise regression statistics. This relationship can be expressed as follows: South IRL [chlorophyll a] =−8.52 + 162.41 [orthophosphate] + 7.86 [total nitrogen] + 0.38 [turbidity]; R ²= 0.98**.     

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO NEW JERSEY STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Parts of the Raritan River basin in central New Jersey have undergone increasing development over the last several decades. The increasing population relies on the region's ground water and surface water sources for its residential, commercial, and industrial water supply. Urbanization, regionalized wastewater-treatment facilities, stream channel alterations, and interbasin transfers of water can all affect water availability. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether significant trends exist in the base-flow and overland-runoff characteristics of streams in two subbasins with different percentages of urban/built-up land (Anderson et at., 1976). Changes in flow characteristics that could indicate future reductions in safe water yield of the Raritan River basin were examined. Flow and flow variability of the steams draining these two subbasins have increased over time. Many of the flow measures studied experienced pronounced trend shifts about 1960. The cause of these changes cannot be readily determined from the data, nor is it clear whether the increased flow variability lies outside the natural range of flow variability of the streams draining the subbasins.     

1961-2006年东北地区农业气候资源变化特征

应用1961-2006年中国东北三省72个气象台站的气象资料,统计分析了东北三省稳定农耕期、生长期及积温、降水量、日照时数农业气候资源的变化特征,结果表明:研究期间,东北三省平均农耕期、生长期分别延长了2.4 d·10 a^-1、2.3 d·10 a^-1;经Mann-Kendall检验,农耕期长度、生长期长度分别在1988年、1992年发生突变。46 a东北三省积温表现为一致的增多趋势,降水量、日照时数呈减少趋势。分析比较突变年前后两个时段的农业气候资源变化,农耕期、生长期平均积温高值区向东、向北扩展;农耕期降水量高值区、低值区面积萎缩,中值区向东南方向扩张,生长期降水量中高值区面积减少;农耕期平均日照时数呈现高值区、低值区面积减少,而生长期日照时数呈现高值区、低值区面积增大的特点。     

精确空投缓冲气囊材料研究

介绍了精确空投着陆缓冲的作用原理以及对气囊材料的要求,分析了聚酰胺、聚酯纤维2种气囊织物材料和氯丁橡胶、硅酮2种涂层材料的结构性能及发展,总结了当前主要的新材料技术,提出了着陆缓冲气囊材料的发展趋势.     

金沙江流域(云南部分)生态潜力及其变化

植被景观要素的生态潜力能够反映某区域内生态功能的综合潜力,研究植被景观要素的生态潜力可望为该区域的生态保护工作提供参考。金沙江流域是我国西部的生态脆弱区,因此选择本流域的云南省部分地区进行植被景观要素的生态潜力与变化研究。首先,对流域内各植被类型进行生态潜力的分级与打分;然后,采用1996与2006年的TM遥感数据,制作了流域内的两期植被分类图,并在此基础上,借助ArcGIS软件绘制了生态潜力图;最后,根据流域内10年期间的植被类型变化面积,计算出流域内生态潜力的变化量。分析得出,流域内生态潜力变化最大的为中、东部地区,而该地区正是人口分布比较集中的地区。研究成果一方面可望加强人们认识流域内植被的生态功能和保护价值,以及植被的发展和破坏趋势;另一方面为流域内植被的恢复方向和重点提供可靠的依据.     

大连市区空气质量变化趋势及与其它城市比较

分析了大连市区空气质量现状及变化趋势,并与其它副省级城市及国外城市比较,分析了大连市区污染日产生的主要原因;提出了今后工作的主要目标：加强扬尘和烟尘污染控制,节能、减排等脱硫工程的实施以及推进清洁能源的使用。