Strengthening artisanal mining research and policy through baseline census activities

Over the past 10–15 years, several governments have implemented an array of technology, support‐related, sustainable livelihoods (SL) and poverty‐reduction projects for artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM). In the majority of cases, however, these interventions have failed to facilitate improvements in the industry's productivity and raise the living standards of the sector's subsistence operators. This article argues that a poor understanding of the demographics of target populations has precipitated these outcomes. In order to strengthen policy and assistance in the sector, governments must determine, with greater precision, the number of people operating in ASM regions, their origins and ethnic backgrounds, ages, and educational levels. This can be achieved by carrying out basic and localized census work before promoting ambitious sector‐specific projects aimed at improving working conditions in the industry.     

震害信息遥感获取技术历史、现状和趋势

回顾了基于遥感进行的震害信息获取技术的发展历史,总结了各个遥感技术发展阶段所采用的震害识别技术,对震害识别技术进行了分类,给出了每种分类方法的划分标准和原则,并对每一种震害识别方法的特点进行了分析和评价,指出了其各自的技术关键、优势和不足.根据现行各种识别技术的特点,结合遥感技术发展状况和地震灾害的特点,分析了震害信息获取技术的发展趋势.     

江苏省近47年来的梅雨特征及灾害影响

利用江苏省气象台1954～2000年的梅雨期降水资料，采用趋势分析方法，对江苏省的梅雨变化特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：近47年来江苏省梅雨量年际变化大致可以分为少雨和多雨两个阶段；梅雨的区域分布特征是苏南及沿江地带梅雨量的年波动不及淮北地区；各年份梅雨持续的天数相差极为悬殊，而其降水极值除个别年份外大多低于800mm；梅雨量的丰歉常常决定了江苏省的旱涝总趋势，特别的丰梅年和枯梅年对江苏省农业生产和社会经济发展都带来显著的负面影响。     

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON RIVERS: CONSEQUENCES FOR LONG TERM WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: Associations between the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern and temporal variability in flow and 12 water quality variables were assessed at 77 river sites throughout New Zealand over a 13‐year period (1989 through 2001). Trends in water quality were determined for the same period. All 13 variables showed statistically significant linear regression relationships with values of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The strongest relationships were for water temperature (mean R²= 0.20), dissolved reactive phosphorus (0.18), and oxidized nitrogen (0.17). The association with SOI varied by climate region. The observed patterns were generally consistent with known ENSO effects on New Zealand rainfall and air temperature. Trends in water quality variables for the periods 1989 through 1993, 1994 through 1998, and 1989 through 1998 were reasonably consistent with trends in SOI, even when the influence of river flow was removed from the data. This suggests that SOI effects on water quality are not necessarily a direct consequence of changes in flow associated with rainfall variation. In addition, both Baseline (32 upstream) and Impact (45 downstream) sites showed similar trends, indicating that changes in management were not directly responsible. We conclude that interpretation of long term water quality datasets in rivers requires that climate variability be fully acknowledged and dealt with explicitly in trend analyses.     

DATA ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES IN LAKE ERIE1

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive data analysis study is carried out for detecting trends and other statistical characteristics in water quality time series measured in Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. In order to glean an optimal amount of useful information from the available data, the exploratory and confirmatory data anslysis stages are adhered to. To test a range of hypotheses regarding the statistical properties of the time series, a wide variety of both parametric and nonparametric techniques are employed. A particularly useful nonparametric method for discovering trends is the seasonal Mann-Kendall test.     

TRENDS IN LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN MAJOR U.S. RIVERS AND THEIR RELATION TO HISTORICAL CHANGES IN GASOLINE-LEAD CONSUMPTION1

ABSTRACT: Declines in concentrations of dissolved lead occurred at nearly two-thirds of 306 locations on major U.S. rivers from 1974 to 1985. Declines in dissolved lead concentrations are statistically significant (p < 0.10) at approximately one-third of the sampling locations. Statistically significant increases in dissolved lead concentrations occurred at only 6 percent of the sites, but are clustered in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions. Possible explanations for the observed trends in lead concentrations are tested through comparisons with (1) records of lead discharges from major sources including leaded-gasoline consumption and municipal- and industrial-point source discharges, (2) trends in various water-quality constituents such as pH and total alkalinity, and (3) basin characteristics such as drainage area. Statistically significant declines in lead concentrations in streams and gasoline lead (i.e., the largest source of lead at these sites) are highly coincident for the 1979 to 1980 period at most sampling locations. The greatest amount of decline in gasoline lead occurred at sites showing statistically significant downtrends in stream concentrations of lead from 1974 to 1985. No more than 5 percent of the trends in stream lead are influenced by municipal- and industrial-point sources of lead. Factors that affect the transport of dissolved lead, including lead solubility, suspended sediment, and basin characteristics such as drainage basin size, are not significantly related to trends in dissolved lead. Trends in streamflow explain no more than 7 percent of the downtrends in concentrations of lead and may partly explain the frequent increases in lead concentrations in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions.     

活性污泥3号模型(ASM3)的发展与应用

IAWQ又于1999年推出ASM3,它不以水解作用为重点,更深入考虑了胞内存贮过程,并考虑环境因素对衰减过程的修正,把溶解性、颗粒性有机氮的降解与微生物的水解、衰减和生长结合在一起。带有EAWAG生物除磷模块的ASM3能预测除磷效果;通过校正的ASM3能预测脱氮除磷、污泥产量。     

Trend surface analysis of forest landscape pattern in Guandishan forest region of Shanxi,China

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｌｍｏｓｔａｌｏｆｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓａｒｅｓｐａｔｉａｌｙｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｍｏｓａｉｃｓｏｆｌａｎｄｃｏｖｅｒｏｒｈａｂｉｔａｔ（Ｆｏｒｍａｎ，１９９５）．Ｔｈｅｓｐａｔｉａｌａｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｒｓｐａｔ...     

秦皇岛市环境噪声变化趋势分析与防治对策

以秦皇岛市2001-2010年的噪声监测资料为依据,通过对环境噪声变化趋势的分析,发现秦皇岛市环境噪声源主要为社会生活噪声、交通噪声、工业噪声,并提出了相关防治对策。     

Temporal Trends of Non-sea Salt Sulfate and Nitrate in Wet Deposition in Japan

Temporal trends of non-sea salt (nss-) sulfate and nitrate were analyzed from nationwide precipitation chemistry measurements provided by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) for the 1988–2002 fiscal years (April–March). The concentrations and deposition of nss-sulfate were found to be decreasing, and those of nitrate were stable or slightly increasing at most sites. These deposition trends were discussed from the viewpoint of emissions of SO₂ and NO_X during the period of interest. Because monitoring techniques have changed in the number of active sites, samplers, and analytical methods during the operation period, the median of all annual depositions measured in Japan in a specific year was selected as the annual representative. The contribution of specific emission sources was also calculated for 1990 on the basis of the nss-sulfate and nitrate deposition in Japan obtained with a model simulation in which the model did not include volcanic emissions from Mt. Oyama, Miyakejima Island, which began to erupt suddenly and violently in 2000. For nss-sulfate, the calculated deposition agrees well with the intensity and trends of the median up to 1999. After 2000, a higher deposition than calculated in the preceding years was evident, which is attributable to the volcanic SO₂ from Mt. Oyama. For nitrate, both the calculated and observed depositions were slightly increasing; however, the calculation was found to exceed the observation.