西南地区卫星林火监测系统的建立

本文对建立ＧＩＳ支持的ＮＯＡＡ卫星林火监测系统进行了分析．内容包括：监测区ＧＩＳ的形成；ＮＯＡＡ卫星图像叠加经纬度网格；ＧＩＳ与ＮＯＡＡ卫星图像的复合．１９９４年春天，我们对西南林区林火进行了１个多月的实时监测，证明了该系统具有林火分辨率高和定位准确的特点．是一个较为理想的林火监测系统。     

Satellite-Derived Mean Fire Return Intervals As Indicators Of Change In Siberia (1995–2002)

Under current climate change scenarios, temperatures in Siberia are expected to increase, and consequently, fire is also expected to increase. Potential climate-induced change is difficult to assess in Siberia because ground-based fire data are not complete. This investigation introduces a method by which potential climate-induced change can be remotely evaluated. Mean fire return intervals are established for 58 ecosystems across Siberia using eight years of satellite-based area burned data (1995 to 2002). Mean fire return intervals should decrease under current climate change scenarios, however the results do not currently demonstrate consistent evidence of fire-induced change. The overall boreal forest mean fire return interval is lower than the published mean, inferring increased fire. Most notably, using satellite data to calculate mean fire return intervals in individual ecosystems for the entire population of fire is shown to be a viable method by which potential climate-induced land cover change can be evaluated.     

A CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT OF CENTRAL AMERICAN VEGETATION AND ECOREGIONS

Acomprehensive,standardized,andthematicallyappropriatemapofCentralAmericanvegetationandlandcovertypeswasdevelopedbyclassifyingtheremotesensedimagery(AVHRR)1km²     

Satellite Observations of Lava Lake Activity at Nyiragongo Volvano, Ex-Zaire, during the Rwandan Refugee Crisis

In June 1994 the summit crater of Nyiragongo volcano, located in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, began to fill with new lava, ending nearly 12 years of quiescence. An earlier eruption of the volcano in 1977 had culminated in the catastrophic draining of a lava lake through fissures in the crater wall, feeding highly mobile lava flows which reached the outskirts of Goma and killed more than 70 people. By July 1994, as many as 20,000 Hutu refugees were arriving in Goma every hour, only 18km south from the summit of Nyiragongo. The exodus brought more than one million people to the camps near the town raising fears of a repeat of the 1977 eruption. This paper examines the role that satellite remote sensing could have played in surveillance of the volcano during this time, and demonstrates the potential for monitoring this and other volcanoes in the future. Images recorded by the spaceborne Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) – freely available over the Internet – provide semi-quantitative information on the activity of the volcano. The aim of this paper is to promote the wider use of readily available technologies.     

Visual interpretation of satellite imagery for monitoring floods in Bangladesh

This article presents the methods and results of visual interpretation of NOAA AVHRR imagery for mapping flood areas in Bangladesh. Color composites of channels 1 and 2 for 18 August 1987 and 10, 15, and 24 September 1988 were interpreted visually for delineating flood boundaries. On such imagery flood areas appear in dark tones and are separated from land (light tones) owing to the absorption of near infrared by water and its reflectance by land and non-waterbodies. Visual interpretation was aided by the use of ground information, such as physiographic and river maps, previous flood maps, newspaper reports, and other published and unpublished documents on the 1987 and 1988 floods. Interpreted flood areas on selected images ranged from 31% to 43% of the total area of Bangladesh. Visual interpretation overestimated flood areas by 5%–10%, compared to the digitally analyzed data. The main advantage of visual analysis lies in the cost effectiveness of AVHRR photographic products, which make them more accessible than the digital image analysis of computer-compatible tapes.     

A Multidisciplinary Decision Support System for Forest Fire Crisis Management

A wildland fire is a serious threat for forest ecosystems in Southern Europe affecting severely and irreversibly regions of significant ecological value as well as human communities. To support decision makers during large-scale forest fire incidents, a multidisciplinary system has been developed that provides rational and quantitative information based on the site-specific circumstances and the possible consequences. The systems architecture consists of several distinct supplementary modules of near real-time satellite monitoring and fire forecast using an integrated framework of satellite Remote Sensing, GIS, and RDBMS technologies equipped with interactive communication capabilities. The system may handle multiple fire ignitions and support decisions regarding dispatching of utilities, equipment, and personnel that would appropriately attack the fire front. The operational system was developed for the region of Penteli Mountain in Attika, Greece, one of the mountain areas in the country most hit by fires. Starting from a real fire incident in August 2000, a scenario is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Colorado River Floods, Droughts, and Shrimp Fishing in the Upper Gulf of California, Mexico

Accurate procedures that measure hydrologic variability would have great value for evaluating ecosystem impacts of upstream water use in the Colorado River Basin. Many local extractive income-based stakeholders rely directly or indirectly on ecosystem health and are adversely affected when the river does not flow. This study focuses on the impact of little or no Colorado River flow on the Mexican shrimp industry. Although there have been complaints that U.S. diversions of Colorado River flow have greatly impaired the shrimp fishery, this research demonstrates that freshwater rarely reaches the Gulf even during times of flooding, and that other factors such as overfishing may influence the instability of shrimp populations. Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery was used to assess water volumes diverted away from the channel of the Colorado River and ultimately the Gulf of California during flooding periods. Analysis of data demonstrated that little freshwater actually reaches the Gulf even during floods because of its diversion into a large dry lake bed basin known as Laguna Salada. Fuller use of the Colorado River throughout its entire course to the sea is possible and could benefit a large cohort of users without catastrophic habitat destruction in delta ecosystems. Reconstruction of a natural earthen berm, as proposed by Ducks Unlimited, would maximize the use of floodwaters for ecosystem benefits. These findings have profound implications for local economic activities dependent on hydrologic resources in the Colorado River Delta and Upper Gulf.     

利用植被供水指数法监测干旱的研究

利用FY-1D/AVHRR数据通道1、2的反射率计算植被指数和通道4、5的亮温计算作物冠层温度,进而求出植被供水指数可监测干旱状况.本文简单介绍了利用FY-1D/AVHRR数据植被供水指数法监测生长季的干旱状况.研究表明,该方法所得结果从总体趋势看,与实际情况基本吻合.因此,植被供水指数法适用于生长季大范围的干旱监测.     

环形热岛格局演变过程的遥感分析

城市热岛效应的空间格局在一定程度上可以反映城市规划和管理的成败得失,也是城市大气污染的驱动因素之一。〖JP2〗使用2000、2003、2004、2006、2008和2010年2～3月下午成都的6次NOAA/AVHRR（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer）卫星遥感数据反演亮温,采用均值 标准差法将热岛强度分为7个等级,用面积加权平均法将研究区强度分为高温、中温和低温3类。结果表明：（1）热岛空间格局呈现巨大变异,由前期的中心型演变为中期的环型,后期是热岛环的形态和高温中心的调整阶段;（2）研究区的强度为前期强,2004年迅速减弱,高温类的强度2004年比2003年减弱259℃,2004年之后的平均减弱率仅为024℃/a;（3）城市东北部和西南部高温区的温度梯度出现逆向升降趋势。由于地表温度对城市气温有重要影响,热岛形态的变化是人们从更复杂角度分析大气污染机制、设计热岛数值模型和进行城市规划的客观依据     

湖面亮温对巢湖水华影响的遥感监测分析

利用2002～2007年NOAA气象卫星搭载的先进甚高光谱分辨率辐射计(NOAA/AVHRR)资料,对巢湖蓝藻水华发生频次和湖面亮温的时空分布规律进行统计分析,得到巢湖水体表面亮温的时空分布规律,并探讨其与气温、降水等气象因子以及水华之间的关系和可能存在的机制.从结果来看,湖面亮温与水华发生频次的空间分布规律相近,而在时间分布上存在着较大的差别.一方面,空间分布的相似性表明,湖面亮温高的区域容易发生水华现象;另一方面;时间分布的不一致性表明还有其它的因素会影响水华的发生.通过讨论,得出以下结论:①以5月为分界线,巢湖水华总体上可以分为春季和夏季两大暴发期,春季藻类在较低的水温条件下就能生长繁殖,并暴发水华,但难以形成较大的规模.②受降水量增加的影响,在气温达到最高值的7月不仅湖面亮温所有降低,而且水华发生频次也有所减少.