Can environmental heterogeneity explain individual foraging variation in wild bottlenose dolphins (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tursiops</Emphasis> sp.)?

Because behavioral variation within and among populations may result from ecological, social, genetic and phenotypic differences, identifying the mechanism(s) responsible is challenging. Observational studies typically examine social learning by excluding ecological and genetic factors, but this approach is insufficient for many complex behaviors associated with substantial environmental variation. Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia show individual differences in foraging tactics, including possible tool use with marine sponges and social learning may be responsible for this diversity. However, the contributions of ecological factors to the development of these foraging tactics were not previously investigated. Here, we determined the relationship between ecological variables and foraging tactics and assessed whether differences in habitat use could explain individual differences in foraging tactics. We monitored 14 survey zones to identify how foraging tactics were spatially distributed and matched behavioral data to the ecological variables within each zone. Three of four foraging tactics were significantly correlated with ecological characteristics such as seagrass biomass, water depth, presence of marine sponges and season. Further, individual differences in habitat use were associated with some tactics. However, several tactics overlapped spatially and previous findings suggest demographic and social factors also contribute to the individual variation in this population. This study illustrates the importance of environmental heterogeneity in shaping foraging diversity and shows that investigating social learning by ruling out alternative mechanisms may often be too simplistic, highlighting the need for methods incorporating the relative contributions of multiple factors.     

Estimation of probabilities and likely consequences of a chain of accidents (domino effect) in Manali Industrial Complex

Chains of accidents (the domino effect) have been occurring with ever increasing frequency in chemical process industries. This is reflected in several accidents ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’; the world's worst industrial accident of the 1990s — the Vishakhpatnam disaster — also involved the domino effect ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361; and Process Safety Prog 18 (1999b) 135’. Such chains of accidents have a greater propensity to cause damage than stand-alone accidents ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; and J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’.In order to assess the likelihood of occurrence of the domino effect and its damage potential, use of deterministic models in conjunction with probabilistic analysis is required. Recently we have proposed a systematic methodology called ‘domino effect analysis’ (DEA). A computer-automated tool, DOMIFFECT, has also been developed by us based on DEA ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; Environment Model Software 13 (1998b) 163; and Risk assessment in chemical process industries: advanced techniques. Discovery Publishing House (1998c)’.This paper illustrates the application of DEA and DOMIFFECT to an industrial complex comprising 16 different industries. Out of 12 credible accident scenarios envisaged in three different industries — namely Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), UB Petrochemicals (UBP) and Indian Organic Chemicals Limited (IOCL), eight scenarios are likely to cause the domino effect. A further detailed analysis reveals that accidents in the storage of liquified petroleum gas and propylene and in the reflux drum units of MRL may cause domino effects. Similarly, propylene storage of UBP and monoethylene glycol storage of IOCL are also likely to cause domino effects. The impact of various chains of accidents has been forecast which reveals that in several cases the accidents may be catastrophic, harming the entire industrial complex of 16 industries. The study leads to the identification of ‘hot spots’ — units that pose the greatest risk — in turn forewarning the industries concerned and enabling them to prioritize and augment accident-prevention steps.     

沈阳市工业污染源指标化控制的研究

本文在研究沈阳市工业污染源构成基础上，根据沈阳市水系统主要污染物总量控制目标，提出了主要污染源主要污染物指标化控制目标．通过污水治理技术经济分析，探讨实现工业污染源环境目标管理的途径．     

Remediation of Cu and As contaminated water and soil utilizing biochar supported layered double hydroxide: Mechanisms and soil environment altering

Preparing materials for simultaneous remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals contamination has always been the focus of research. Herein a biochar supported FeMnMg layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites (LB) for simultaneous remediation of copper and arsenic contamination in water and soil has been assembled by a facile co-precipitation approach. Both adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies of heavy metals removal by LB were applied to look into the adsorption performance of adsorbents in water. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of Cu and As by LB were investigated, showing that Cu in aqueous solution was removed by the isomorphic substitution, precipitation and electrostatic adsorption while As was removed by complexation. In addition, the availability of Cu and As in the soil incubation experiments was reduced by 35.54%–63.00% and 8.39%–29.04%, respectively by using LB. Meanwhile, the addition of LB increased the activities of urease and sucrase by 93.78%–374.35% and 84.35%–520.04%, respectively, of which 1% of the dosage was the best. A phenomenon was found that the richness and structure of microbial community became vigorous within 1% dosage of LB, which indirectly enhanced the passivation and stabilization of heavy metals. These results indicated that the soil environment was significantly improved by LB. This research demonstrates that LB would be an imaginably forceful material for the remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals in contaminated water and soil.     

油田污水站废泥浆的污染评价及无害化固化

为解决油田污水站产生的废泥浆的污染问题，选取胜利油田滨一污水站的泥浆进行污染物分析，检测结果的评价结论是：污水站的泥浆不属于危险固体废弃物，对土壤的污染因子主要是石油类；浸出液对水环境的污染因子为石油类、COD、BOD、挥发酚；大量可溶性无机盐会加剧周边土壤的盐碱化。简易、经济的处置方法是将污泥直接固化，既可锵决污泥的污染问题，也为污泥再利用提供了途径。     

沈阳“十五”生态环境保护工作设想

分析了沈阳主要生态问题 ,阐述了问题症结所在 ;同时提出相应的生态保护对策、措施和任务。     

乡镇铝厂大气氟污染对区域冬小麦生长影响的研究

通过对郑州市某乡镇电解铝厂附近的参气，土壤及冬小麦等生态因素含氟量的分析与研究，表明：（１）铝厂所排放的化物是造成冬小麦减产的主要原因：（２）冬小麦各部位器官含量与距污染源的距离呈负相关；（３）对电解铝生产过程排放的气态氟化物应采取相应的治理和防护措施。     

应用淡水发光菌研究二元重金属混合物的联合毒性

应用新型淡水发光菌一青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.nov-Q67)发光值的测定。对铜锌、铜汞、铜镉、铜镍等4种重金属混合物的联合毒性进行了评价。结果表明。铜锌混合物对Q67的联合毒性等于两者的毒性之和。作用方式表现为加和作用：铜汞、铜镉、铜镍3种混合物对Q67的联合毒性则表现为拮抗作用。     

抓住呼伦贝尔市建设生态市的历史机遇,促进辉河国家级自然保护区的全面发展

当前呼伦贝尔市正在进行生态市建设，本文就辉河自然保护区在生态环境建设中发挥的作用及其需要采取的措施作了简要分析。     

辽宁大伙房水库水生生物特征及水质生态学评价

1961～ 2 0 0 0年对大伙房水库 6个站进行了不同季节浮游植物、底栖动物群落特征的生态调查和水化学分析。共发现藻类 8门 ,1 74种 ,底栖动物 3 4种 ,分析了水库水生生物种类组成 ,数量变化和生物演替。水质生态学评价结果表明 :大伙房水库属中富营养化 ,水体只受到轻度污染 ,水质等级为 2级。