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441.
442.
《Chemosphere》2002,49(10)
The distribution coefficients (Kd) and desorption rates of 137Cs and 241Am radionuclides in bottom sediments at different locations in the Black Sea were studied under laboratory conditions. The Kd values were found to be 500 for 137Cs and 3800 for 241Am at the steady state and described exponential curves. Rapid uptake of the radionuclides occurred during the initial period and little accumulation happened after four days. The desorption rates for 137Cs in different bottom sediments were best described by a three-component exponential model. The desorption half-times of 137Cs ranged from 26 to 50 d at the slow components. However, the desorption rate of 241Am described one component for all sediment samples and desorption half-time was found to be 75 d. In general, the results showed that the 241Am radionuclide is more effectively transferred to bottom sediment and has longer turnover time than 137Cs under Black Sea conditions. 相似文献
443.
Carbonaceous aerosol emissions from India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D.C. Parashar Ranu Gadi T.K. Mandal A.P. Mitra 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2005,39(40):2828
Budget estimate for carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon, emitted from the combustion of various fuels, is very important for regional climate studies. Emission factors for carbonaceous aerosols from bio-fuels and soft coke were determined in a controlled combustion study. The emission factors thus obtained along with those available for other fossil fuels consumed in different sectors have been applied to assess the budget for carbonaceous aerosols from India. Preliminary calculations give a range of 1.6–1.8 Tg of carbonaceous aerosols that include 0.4–1.4 Tg of BC. A major (80%) portion of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from India is found to originate from the use of biomass for energy as 70–80% of energy requirement in rural India is met by combustion of traditional bio-fuels. 相似文献
444.
Jimnez Begoa Merino Rubn Abad Esteban Rivera Josep Olie Kees 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):61-68
Background Species that are at high levels of the food web have often been used as bioindicators to evaluate the presence of persistent
contaminants in ecosystems. Most of these species are long-lived, so pollutant burdens may be integrated in some complex way
over time. This makes them particularly sensitive to deleterious effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Birds have
been suggested as useful organisms for monitoring pollutant levels. Traditionally such studies have been carried out with
raptors such as osprey (Pandion haliaetus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus), etc. In this paper we present the results of a monitoring study conducted on two raptor species, osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and red kite (Milvus milvus), inhabiting a Mediterranean island (Menorca, Spain). These two species have different feeding habits; ospreys prey on fish
and red kites feed on terrestrial species. This study constitutes a good opportunity to investigate if differences in feeding
habits (aquatic vs. terrestrial) influences the contaminants pattern in two species inhabiting the same area.
Methods The study was conducted in a non-destructive way, using only failed eggs, to avoid the damage of the population stability.
Eggs were collected during the period 1994–2000. The contaminants examined were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs, including
DDT and its main metabolite, DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including ortho PCBs (PCBs with at least one Chlorine
atom in the ortho position): #28, 52, 95, 101, 123+149, 118, 114, 153, 132+105, 138, 167, 156, 157, 180, 170, 189, 194; and
non ortho PCBs (PCBs with no Chlorine atom in the ortho position): #77, 126, 169 and all the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) with Chlorine atoms at the 2,3,7 and 8 position (2,3,7,8-substituted
PCDDs and PCDFs). The analysis of organochlorine compounds was performed using a sample treatment based on a Solid Phase Matrix
Dispersion procedure. Ortho PCBs and DDTs were determined by HRGC-μECD; non ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs were determined by HRGC-HRMS.
Results and Discussion The sum of the ortho PCB congeners analysed ranged from 0.94 to 15.03 μg/g wet weight (ww) for ospreys and from 1.0 to 11.2
μg/g ww for red kites. In both species, PCB congeners #153, #138 and #180 accounted about 75% to total ortho PCB concentrations.
Regarding non ortho PCBs, for ospreys, concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 1.39 ng/g wet weight (ww) and for red kites from
0.12 to 0.51 ng/g ww, being congener #126 the most abundant. Concerning DDTs, concentration for ospreys ranged from 0.07 to
1.03 μg/g ww; and for red kites ranged from 0.90 to 2.10 μg/g ww, representing DDE more than 95% of the total DDTs, which
proves a past use of DDT in the study area. Differences in contaminant levels between species are probably associated to feeding
habits. The fish-eating species presents the highest PCB levels, whereas the terrestrial species exhibits the highest DDT
levels. PCDD/Fs in ospreys were in the range 2.6–14.2 pg/g ww, while in red kites the range was slightly wider (22.2–43.2
pg/g ww), being PCDDs the major contributors in black kites. Ospreys had PCDDs similar to PCDF concentrations. PCDD/F profiles
were mostly influenced by OCDD in both species. Non ortho PCBs were the major contributors to calculated Toxic Equivalent
Quantity (TEQs) in both species.
Conclusion In both species studied, ortho-PCBs could represent a problem of concern since 57% of the eggs exhibited levels higher than
4 μg/g ww, reported as the level that could cause reduced hatchability, embryo mortality, and deformities in birds.
Recommendations and Outlook Results found in this study suggest that a more detailed study to clear up possible deleterious effects of PCBs on the bird
populations studied here should be done.
Section Editor: Prof. Dr. Paola Gramatica (paola.gramatica@uninsubria.it) 相似文献
445.
为研究上海市路边环境空气黑碳(BC)的污染特征,采用连续监测方法对2016年1月至2018年12月上海市路边环境空气BC浓度进行了监测,并同步监测了气象因子,分析了BC的时间变化特征,探讨了气象因素对BC的影响以及不同空气质量等级下BC浓度水平。结果表明:2016、2017、2018年上海市路边环境空气BC年均质量浓度分别为(2 908±2 189)、(2 959±2 224)、(2 824±2 002) ng/m3,呈现出下降趋势;2016、2017、2018年BC与PM2.5年均质量浓度比分别为9. 30%、9. 20%、9. 50%;BC季节变化特征明显,整体表现为春夏高、秋冬低的特点;昼夜变化特征均呈现出双峰分布,第一个峰值均出现在06:00,第二个峰值均出现在16:00-19:00,且第一个峰值高于第二个峰值。气象因素对BC有一定影响,在降水、相对湿度低以及非静风条件下BC浓度较低。随着上海市空气质量由好转差,上海市路边环境空气BC浓度均呈现上升趋势,空气质量为良、轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染时路边环境空气BC平均浓度分别较空气质量为优时增加了0. 38、0. 96、1. 61、1. 96倍。 相似文献
446.
Kumar AJ Gough WA Karagatzides JD Bolton KA Tsuji LJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,69(3):221-230
The validity of a steady-state massbalance model (Arp et al., 1996; referred to asARP) was tested using physicochemical soil data fromthe Monitoring Acid Rain Youth Program (MARYP). FourARP sites were matched with ten MARYP sites accordingto proximity, bedrock type and subsoil pH to test thevalidity of the ARP model for critical loadexceedances. Soil solution pH, base concentration andAl concentration from MARYP sites, which were wellmatched to ARP sites, validated the modelled criticalload exceedances. Higher exceedance areas wereassociated with more acidic pH and lower base andhigher Al concentrations from matched MARYP sites andvice versa. One ARP site was inappropriately matchedwith MARYP sites and could not be validated using baseand Al concentrations. This study also confirmed thesouthern limit of the zero critical load exceedanceisopleth from the model. However, variability of theother exceedance isopleths was noted due to thelimited number of sites used in the model. Thevalidation of these sites in the ARP model and thezero critical load exceedance isopleth nonethelessallows greater confidence in using this model as amanagement tool for acidic deposition. 相似文献
447.
Marta Staniszewsk Iga Koniecko Lucyna Falkowsk Dorota Bursk Joanna Kie?czewska 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(3):24-32
This study was derived from field investigations to assess bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in the sea and river sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk. Black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) were identified as influencing factors on the accumulation. As a result of the transportation of BC with organic matter via rivers into the Gulf of Gdansk, the highest mean concentrations (11.26 ng BPA/(g dry weight (dw))), were determined in the sediments of river estuaries. Sediments in coastal stations were characterized by the lowest mean concentrations (5.73 ng BPA/(g dw)). TOC content below 0.1% determined the sorption of BPA on BC particles in sediments, and statistically significant correlation between the concentration of BPA and the BC/TOC ratio was found in these cases. In addition, dependency between the concentration of BPA and the content of BC was discovered in sediments where the BC/TOC ratio was > 0.33. 相似文献
448.
ABSTRACT The calls for greater racial equity also means cleaning up the air, water, and soil. Poor people needlessly suffer more in Louisville than the same low-income people in West Coast cites. If we adopted the same tough, environmental regulations as our West Coast Counterparts West Louisville would surely bloom instead of slowly die. The unfairness between black and white neighbourhoods is stark and vivid. As the great urbanist, Jane Jacobs, once said: “everyone hungers for a first class neighbourhood for both pride and dignity?…?nobody wants a second class neighborhood.” First class neighbourhoods are safe, healthy, sustainable, and prosperous. It is a human right; a Worldwide right. 相似文献
449.
Administrative machinery has been set up to regulate and control most of the emissions that are known to have severe local
consequences, such as the discharge of raw sewage into rivers and lakes and the smokestack emission of air pollutants. Now,
the nature of environmental degradation is usually different. We are faced with pollutants and effects with more subtle cause-effect
relationships, often characterized by larger geographic areas of interest and longer term potential damage; the potential
risk is now more chronic than acute. Acid rain and climate change are good examples, in that they are associated with a variety
of pollutants from a number of sources and damage to ecosystems occurs over many years. It is argued that monitoring programs
should evolve to reflect the changing nature of the environmental problems they are addressing. It is now necessary to consider
interactions among many pollutants, mixing among the various media, and potentially affecting many components of the ecosystem
in both indirect and direct ways. Here, integrated monitoring and analysis is presented as a unifying strategy to bring together
different measurement methodologies in different disciplines, addressing environmental questions of complexity beyond the
scope of many existing activites that have a classical narrower focus. The underlying concept is of nested networks, each
tier being composed of sites selected for specific purposes but arranged to maximize the number of common sites where more
multidisciplinary questions can be addressed. 相似文献
450.