地下空间在节能减排中的应用及展望

在能源短缺和环境污染的双重压力下,我国出台多项措施加大节能减排力度。总结概括了地下空间的几种类型,认为盐岩洞穴、废弃矿洞、废弃油井、枯竭油气层等地下空间经过技术改造,可以埋存CO2、固体垃圾、废弃核原料,储存油气,地热利用等,能创造可观的社会价值和环境保护效益,可作为节能减排的一种有效措施。以山东地区为例,调研分析了山东多处地下空间利用现状,给出了地下空间的三种发展方向。     

安徽铜陵铜尾矿硫形态及硫同位素分布特征

分析讨论了安徽铜陵水木冲S和SP剖面尾矿砂的理化指标、硫形态变化和硫酸根硫同位素组成与分布特征.结果显示：S和SP剖面整体呈酸性,pH值为2.59~6.12和3.50~6.27,由下而上有明显的降低趋势;Eh随剖面由下至上明显升高,范围为66~457和-37~307mV;酸可挥发性硫（AVS）含量为0~62.36和0~3.44mg/g,黄铁矿硫（CRS）含量为0.70~32.30mg/g和0.17~5.39mg/g;AVS与CRS的变化趋势基本一致,随剖面自下而上减少,且AVS先于CRS被氧化.2个剖面元素硫（ES）含量为0~8.83和0~3.62mg/g,随深度变化无明显规律.硫酸根硫（SO₄^2--S）含量为8.44~66.34和8.48~29.87mg/g,自下而上呈降低趋势,且分别在剖面的氢氧化物薄膜层（11.5~16.5cm和18~54cm）出现高值区.2个剖面总硫（TS）含量为9.18~109.69和12.38~37.72mg/g,表层由于淋滤含量较低,底层变化则不大.位于斜坡上的SP剖面TS及各形态硫含量均低于S剖面,表明淋滤对硫含量影响更明显.硫酸根硫同位素δ³⁴S为-3.32‰~13.43‰和-3.08‰~1.80‰,S-9硫酸根δ³⁴S为13.43‰,指示其来自于伴生硬石膏,其余层位δ³⁴S偏负且变幅较小,指示其硫酸根主要来源于硫化物的氧化.     

Development of a model to simulate soil heavy metals lateral migration quantity based on SWAT in Huanjiang watershed, China

Lateral transportation of soil heavy metals in rainfall events could significantly increase the scope of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model with high accuracy to simulate the migration quantity of heavy metals. A model for heavy metal migration simulation was developed based on the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. This model took into consideration the influence of soil p H value, soil particle size, runoff volume, sediment amount,concentration of water-soluble heavy metals dissolved in runoff and insoluble absorbed to the soil particles. This model was reasonable in Huanjiang watershed, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China, covering an area of 273 km~2. The optimal drainage area threshold was determined by analyzing the effects of watershed subdivision on the simulation results to ensure the simulation accuracy. The main conclusions of this paper were:(1) watershed subdivision could affect simulation migration quantity of heavy metals;(2) the quantity of heavy metals transported by sediment accounted for 97%–99% of the total migration quantity in the study watershed. Therefore, sediment played the most important role in heavy metal migration;(3) the optimal drainage area threshold percentage to ensure high simulation accuracy was determined to be 2.01% of the total watershed;(4) with the optimal threshold percentage, this model could simulate the migration quantity of As, Pb and Cd accurately at the total watershed and subwatershed level. The results of this paper were useful for identifying the key regions with heavy metal migration.     

城郊排水沟渠溶质传输的暂态存储影响及参数灵敏性

选择Na Cl为示踪剂,于2013年9~10月在合肥城郊的关镇河支渠开展5次瞬时投加示踪实验.从暂态存储、侧向补给和对流-扩散等作用机制层面,设置4种模拟情景,解析暂态存储作用对于排水沟渠溶质传输规律的影响,并对OTIS模型参数进行灵敏性分析.结果表明,暂态存储对于主流区Cl-模拟浓度穿透曲线(BTCs)峰值大小影响很大,相对偏差高达24.23%~117.26%,显著高于对峰值出现时间的影响,且暂态存储影响显著超过了侧向补给作用;由相关性分析,主流区Cl-模拟浓度BTCs峰值大小和出现时间的相对偏差与As/A具有极显著相关性;4个主要参数的灵敏度排序为AAsαD.     

稻田灌溉河流CH4和N2O排放特征及影响因素

随着农业氮肥大量施用,大量碳氮营养物质以淋溶或径流形式进入周边灌溉水体,使其成为甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源.以我国东南部地区典型稻田灌溉河流为研究对象,于2014年9月至2016年9月连续两年原位观测表层水体CH4和N2O溶存浓度及其排放通量,旨在明确稻田灌溉河流CH4和N2O的排放特征、排放强度及其主要驱动因子.结果表明,观测期内c(CH4溶存)的年平均值为(390.57±43.95)nmol·L-1(92.80～1 577.54 nmol·L-1),c(N2O溶存)的年平均值为(40.23±3.20)nmol·L-1(10.05～75.40 nmol·L-1).CH4和N2O的排放通量(年平均)分别为(20.73±6.08)mg·(m2·h)-1和(34.30±7.12)μg·(m2·h)-1.CH4和N2O溶存浓度和排放通量整体上均呈现出春夏排放高,秋冬排放低的季节变化趋势.两年CH4累计排放总量为(3 876.30±1 153.96)kg·hm-2,N2O累计排放总量为(5.74±0.98)kg·hm-2.两者持续性全球增温潜势(SGWP,以CO2-eq计)平均为(87.99±15.73)t·(hm2·a)-1.CH4排放通量与水温、底泥可溶性有机碳(DOC)显著正相关,而与水体溶解氧(DO)显著负相关;N2O排放通量与水温、水中铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)显著正相关,而与水体DO显著负相关.该研究可为科学估算我国农业灌溉流域CH4和N2O排放总量提供数据支撑和重要参考.     

重庆市煤矸山周边农产品镉健康风险评价及土壤环境基准值推导

以重庆市煤矸山周边农用地土壤和农产品（玉米和水稻）为研究对象,测定土壤和农产品（玉米和水稻）中Cd含量,评估摄入农产品（玉米和水稻）对人体的潜在健康风险,并基于物种敏感性分布法（SSD）推导土壤环境基准值.结果表明,重庆煤矸山周边旱地土壤Cd含量超风险筛选值的点位占55.8%,水田土壤Cd含量超风险筛选值的点位占31.6%,土壤Cd以较高生态危害和高生态危害为主,分别占47.4%和36.8%.玉米Cd含量超标点位占4.4%,水稻Cd含量均未超标.健康风险评价表明因食用玉米和水稻摄入Cd的非致癌健康风险可忽略,食用玉米摄入Cd存在可耐受致癌健康风险,食用水稻摄入Cd存在不可耐受致癌健康风险,且玉米和水稻Cd含量敏感度最高.SSD推导出煤矸山周边旱地土壤在pH≤5.5、5.57.5时Cd的环境基准值分别为0.491、0.382、0.376和0.588 mg ·kg^-1,水田土壤Cd的环境基准值为0.807 mg ·kg^-1.水田土壤和旱地土壤pH≤7.5时,现行土壤标准（GB 15618-2018）相对偏严;旱地土壤pH>7.5时,现行土壤标准（GB 15618-2018）相对偏宽松.应加强煤矸山周边土壤Cd污染防治和农产品安全利用研究,并对土壤Cd环境基准值进行适当调整.     

Germination,Growth, and Nodulation of Sesbania rostrata Grown in Pb/Zn Mine Tailings

Sesbania rostrata in pure and amended Pb/Zn tailings. About 90% of seeds of S. rostrata germinated in pure Pb/Zn tailings, which contained high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd. Although seedling growth suffered from the adverse environment of Pb/Zn tailings, they became established on tailings stands, in the greenhouse, as well as on the actual tailings dam, and completed their life cycle in 4 months. Dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation was 3200 kg/ha and 69.4 kg/ha, respectively in the actual tailings dam. Applying inorganic fertilizer to Pb/Zn tailings led to no obvious improvement in growth and nodulation of S. rostrata, while tailings amended by river sediment or domestic refuse rich in organic matter improved the growth and nodulation of the species. Azorhizobium caulinodans survived and formed N-fixing stem and root nodules in S. rostrata grown in pure Pb/Zn tailings with a nodule biomass exceeding 300 mg fresh matter per plant.     

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TAILINGS DISPERSAL FROM A URANIUM MINE USING TOXICITY TESTING PROTOCOLS1

ABSTRACT: Toxicity testing is a means of establishing the environmental risk of a uranium tailings release. It is valuable in designing tailings containment structures because it assists in setting acceptable levels of risk for the design. This paper presents details of toxicity tests of the tailings from Ranger Uranium Mine, Northern Territory, Australia. The results suggest that the non-radiological toxicity of the tailings is low. The environmental risk of a tailings release is more likely to be related to the physical impacts of the tailings, including infilling of billabongs and changes in the sedimentology of riparian ecosystems rather than their biogeochemical impact. Two major results were: (1) water from treatment with washed tailing fines were not toxic to Hydra viridissima, and (2) mixtures of washed tailings fines and natural floodplain sediment (overlying water or elutriates) were not toxic to Hydra viridissima or Moinodaphnia macleayi.     

矿山清洁生产示范研究

矿山清洁生产具有双重性。矿山生命周期决定了矿山清洁生产体系的特殊性。矿山清洁生产体系是由培训体系、生命周期清洁生产体系和监合与审核体系构成的一个系统，生命周期清洁生产体系包括从资源勘探-规划设计-开发-闭矿-后续土地利用与监测的各个阶段。与其他行业相比，矿山清洁生产难度大且明显滞后，开展矿山清洁生产示范研究势在必行。     

基于模糊聚类关联分析法的煤与瓦斯突出程度分析

运用模糊聚类分析方法对煤与瓦斯突出的样本集合进行分类,建立了不同突出程度的模糊模式.用关联分析确定待分析样本与模式的关联程度,以此预测预报样本的煤与瓦斯突出危险程度.实例分析表明,与模糊聚类分类后、将模式与待预报样本组成新样本集合进行聚类分析并以此分类结果进行预报的方法相比,这种预报方法不仅可靠程度高,而且能定量描述待报样本与模式的亲和程度.