铜尾矿复垦后土壤微生物活性及其群落功能多样性研究

对安徽铜陵五公里尾矿区三叶草复垦后的土壤微生物活性和群落的功能多样性研究表明,复垦后每克土壤微生物细菌数已达2.3×107个,并存在一定量耐Cu2 、Cd2 、Zn2 、Cr6 、Pb2 、Ni2 的菌株,但种类少,主要为芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和短杆菌属。BIOLOG测试结果显示,铜镉重金属离子的复合污染使土壤微生物群落丰富度降低;外源耐铜镉微生物菌剂的添加使尾矿区土壤微生物群落代谢剖面(AWCD)变化明显,提高微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力,增加利用不同碳底物的微生物数量,减轻了重金属污染引起的土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降,为尾矿区生境加速恢复提供一条有效途径。     

酸雨的测定及其质量控制

提出选择酸雨项目时，应考虑酸雨成分受地域化学离子影响的因素，阐述了测定酸雨中pH、电导率、阴离子、阳离子及金属成分时容易出现的问题及解决办法。指出了我国在酸雨的测定及其质量控制方法存在的问题。介绍了欧美和日本酸雨测定的质量控制办法，认为根据离子浓度平衡进行的质量控制有着非常重要的意义。     

中国矿山生态破坏现状及治理技术研究进展

矿山开采引起的生态破坏已经对社会经济和人民健康造成了严重危害.本文对我国矿山生态破坏的现状以及国内外矿山生态恢复的主要技术作了介绍,并对今后矿山生态恢复的研究方向进行了探讨.     

矿山复垦技术

土地复垦可以恢复矿区土地使用功能，保护耕地，恢复生态环境，土地复垦工艺有覆土和无覆土两种，复垦技术则包含生物复垦和工程复垦两个方面。目前我国矿山土地复垦率不足10%，复垦技术以单一恢复植被为主。基本未考虑恢复自然生态，应从加强宣传，综合各相关学科加强研究。建立科学，有效，全面的复垦技术等7个方面入手。大力加强我国的矿山土地复垦工作。     

浅论新疆煤矿矿井排水的处理问题

就新疆煤矿矿井水的排水问题，水质特征及处理方法展开了分析讨论，介绍了几种较成熟的煤矿矿井水处理方法和工艺技术。     

用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)建立大气降水中酸雨pH值的预测模型

本文用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)建立了大气降水中pH值的预测模型。经三种不同方法检验。对我市1990—1993年大气降水中酸雨pH值进行了预测,结果令人满意。     

Bacterial diversity in soils around a lead and zinc mine

Five samples of soil collected from a lead and zinc mine were used to assess the effect of combined contamination of heavy metals on soil bacterial communities using a polyphasic approach including characterization of isolates by culture method, community level catabolic profiling in BIOLOG GN microplates, and genetic community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments amplified by PCR from community DNA （PCR-DGGE）. The structure of the bacterial community was affected to a certain extent by heavy metals. The PCR-DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that there were significant differences in the structure of the microbial community among the soil samples, which were related to the contamination levels. The number of bacteria and the number of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） bands in the soils increased with increasing distance from the lead and zinc mine tailing, whereas the concentration of lead （Pb） and cadmium （Cd） was decreased. Heavily polluted soils could be characterized by a community that differs from those of lightly polluted soils in richness and structure of dominating bacterial populations. The clustering analysis of the DGGE profiles showed that the bacteria in all the five samples of soil belonged to three clusters. The data from the BIOLOG analysis also showed the same result. This study showed that heavy metal contamination decreased both the biomass and diversity of the bacterial community in soil.     

Acid Blue 25 adsorption on base treated Shorea dasyphylla sawdust: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic and spectroscopic analysis

The potential of base treated Shorea dasyphylla (BTSD) sawdust for Acid Blue 25 (AB 25) adsorption was investigated in a batch adsorption process. Various physiochemical parameters such as pH, stirring rate, dosage, concentration, contact time and temperature were studied. The adsorbent was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller analysis. The optimum conditions for AB 25 adsorption were pH 2, stirring rate 500 r/min, adsorbent dosage 0.10 g and contact time 60 min. The pseudo second-order model showed the best conformity to the kinetic data. The equilibrium adsorption of AB 25 was described by Freundlich and Langmuir, with the latter found to agree well with the isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of BTSD was 24.39 mg/g at 300 K, estimated from the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy were determined. It was found that AB 25 adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic.     

碳酸盐岩地区矿山酸性排水的产生及其防治初探

尾矿中的硫化物在空气、水、微生物等的作用下,发生一系列的物理化学反应,形成矿山酸性排水(AMD)。在碳酸盐岩地区,由于尾矿和围岩中都含有大量对酸具有中和效应的碳酸盐矿物,于是人们一直认为碳酸盐岩地区的尾矿不存在酸污染。而如广西大厂、广东凡口及大宝山、贵州牛角塘等碳酸盐岩地区矿山的尾矿却存在着严重的酸污染,其主要原因是碳酸盐矿物在中和酸水过程中,表面会形成阻止反应进一步进行的次生包壳,碳酸盐矿物的实际中和量达不到其理论值。矿山酸性排水携带大量的重金属离子,对碳酸盐岩地区的生态环境及矿山工程设施带来严重的危害。针对碳酸盐岩地区尾矿自身的特殊性,对新建尾矿堆采用覆盖法,而对已经产酸的尾矿用渗透反应栅法,是防治这类尾矿酸化的有效方法。     

改进电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的重金属

采用改进的电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的Pb,Zn,Cu。研究了铅锌矿尾砂中重金属在改进电动力技术处理情况下的去除情况。实验结果表明,经过7d的电动力实验,Pb、Zn和Cu的总去除率分别为34％,33％,37％,其中酸溶态去除效果显著,分别达到66％,86％,81％。Pb和Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态去除率为39％和42％,其他形态去除率较低,在10％左右。