Geophysical investigations for evaluation of environmental pollution in a mine tailings area

Sulfide-containing mill wastes of the Komsomolsk ore processing plant situated in the Kemerovo region (Russia) were examined in 2013–2015. Multipurpose studies of the mine tailings determined the composition of waste, pore water, mine drainages, and affected groundwater. Electrical resistivity tomography was used to trace the geoelectric zoning of the waste samples. Layers with low resistivity indicated areas with pore spaces filled with highly mineralized solutions with Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Sb at total concentrations of up to 50 g/L. Anomalous zones can be specified as ‘geochemical barriers’ – specific layers where the mobility of the elements is reduced due to pH conditions, redox potential, and Fe(III) hydroxide precipitation. The zones of increased conductivity in oxidized mine tailings indicated local areas with high acid production potential and coexisting acidic pore solution. In non-oxidized tailings, high conductivity of the mineral skeleton was observed. There was a migration of drainage outside the tailings, its direction monitored by geophysical data. Chemical analysis confirmed that the concentrations of As in groundwater samples were higher than the maximum permissible concentration.     

Improvements in Fluvial Stability Associated with Two‐Stage Ditch Construction in Mower County,Minnesota

Water quality and stream habitat in agricultural watersheds are under greater scrutiny as hydrologic pathways are altered to increase crop production. Agricultural drainage ditches function to remove water quickly from farmed landscapes. Conventional ditch designs lack the form and function of natural stream systems and tend to be unstable and provide inadequate habitat. In October of 2009, 1.89 km of a conventional drainage ditch in Mower County, Minnesota, was converted to an alternative system with a two‐stage channel to investigate the improvements in water quality, stability, and habitat. Longitudinal surveys show a 12‐fold increase in the pool‐riffle formation. Cross‐sectional surveys show an average increase in bankfull width of approximately 10% and may be associated to an increased frequency in large storm events. The average increase in bankfull depth was estimated as 18% but is largely influenced by pool formation. Rosgen Stability Analyses show the channel to be highly stable and the banks at a low risk of erosion. The average bankfull recurrence interval was estimated to be approximately 0.30 years. Overall, the two‐stage ditch design demonstrates an increase in fluvial stability, creating a more consistent sediment budget, and increasing the frequency of important instream habitat features, making this best management practice a viable option for addressing issues of erosion, sediment imbalance, and poor habitat in agricultural drainage systems.     

Assessing the fate of radioactive nickel in cultivated soil cores

Parameters regarding fate of ⁶³Ni in the soil–plant system (soil: solution distribution coefficient, K_d and soil plant concentration ratio, CR) are mostly determined in controlled pot experiments or from simple models involving a limited set of soil parameters. However, as migration of pollutants in soil is strongly linked to the water migration, variation of soil structure in the field and seasonal variation of evapotranspiration will affect these two parameters. The aim of this work was to explore to what extent the downward transfer of ⁶³Ni and its uptake by plants from surface-contaminated undisturbed soil cores under cultivation can be explained by isotopic dilution of this radionuclide in the pool of stable Ni of soils. Undisturbed soil cores (50 cm × 50 cm) were sampled from a brown rendzina (Rendzic Leptosol), a colluvial brown soil (Fluvic Cambisol) and an acidic brown soil (Dystric Cambisol) using PVC lysimeter tubes (three lysimeters sampled per soil type). Each core was equipped with a leachate collector. Cores were placed in a greenhouse and maize (DEA, Pioneer^®) was sown. After 44 days, an irrigation was simulated at the core surfaces to supply 10 000 Bq ⁶³NiCl₂. Maize was harvested 135 days after ⁶³Ni input and radioactivity determined in both vegetal and water samples. Effective uptake of ⁶³Ni by maize was calculated for leaves and kernels. Water drainage and leaching of ⁶³Ni were monitored over the course of the experiment. Values of K_d in surface soil samples were calculated from measured parameters of isotopic exchange kinetics. Results confirmed that ⁶³Ni was strongly retained at the soil surface. Prediction of the ⁶³Ni downward transfer could not be reliably assessed using the K_d values, since the soil structure, which controls local water fluxes, also affected both water and Ni transport. In terms of ⁶³Ni plant uptake, the effective uptake in undisturbed soil cores is controlled by isotope dilution as previously shown at the pot experiment scale.     

锰矿尾渣改性壳聚糖对Pb2+的吸附

将工业废弃物锰矿尾渣与壳聚糖混合制得一种高效吸附剂,并应用扫描电镜、X射线衍射对其结构进行了表征。采用正交表设计试验,分别考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度、复合吸附剂的投加量等4个影响因素对Pb²⁺吸附的影响,最佳吸附条件为：pH值为7,吸附时间为40 min,温度为20℃,复合吸附剂的投加量为0.10 g。处理后的水符合国家污水综合排放标准（GB8978-1996）中的一级标准。复合吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

Changes of Soil Enzyme Activities By Simulated Acid and Nitrogen Deposition

Effects of acid and nitrogen depositions on soil microbial activities were studied in a laboratory-based experiment. Five treatments were added to forest soil for five weeks, and soil enzyme activities were determined along with chemical properties. There was little change in pH and nitrogen availability. Dehydrogenase, phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities were decreased by all the acidic treatments compared to the control, while urease activity was increased by the pH 4 treatment. at the same pH treatment, different nitric acid contents induced different urease activities. the results suggest that acid deposition would inhibit microbial activities and that more study is needed to elucidate the impact on nitrogen cycling in forests.     

Chemical tracers as indicator of human fecal coliforms at storm water outfalls

Indicators to distinguish between fecal coliforms of human and animal origin were investigated in water from storm sewer outfalls to a coastal lake during wet and dry weather. The ratio of fecal coliform relative to fecal streptococci count was used as the microbiological indicator. Concentrations of human-activities originated caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and fluorescence whitening agent (FWA) were used as chemical indicators. The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ranged from 0.2 to 3.0, during wet weather making it difficult to interpret the origin of fecal pollution. However, concentrations of caffeine, anionic surfactant, fluoride, and FWA in storm water outflow during wet weather were much higher than those in the lake water during dry weather, indicating the presence of human waste at storm water outfall. Strong correlation between fecal coliform counts and chemical parameter values further indicated the human contribution to the fecal coliform count. In addition, a strong correlation among the chemical parameters suggested that only one of them is needed as chemical tracer to detect the presence of human input.     

矿井水污染控制及资源化

本文分析了我国煤矿矿井水净化与资源化现状，指出了矿井水资源化的途径和技术，并对提高矿区生活用水质量的措施进行了探讨。     

粉煤灰对酸性矿井水处理的研究

粉煤灰是火力发电厂的主要废弃物,能够污染地下水,造成严重的环境问题,而酸性矿井水也是工业污染和地下水资源损失的重要因素.用粉煤灰直接与模拟酸性矿井水作用,探讨作用过程中体系pH,总硬度以及总铁浓度的变化,说明混合灰水作用既有中和又有吸附和絮凝等协同作用.     

Bacillus natto TK-2产γ-絮凝活性的研究

对γ-聚谷氨酸的絮凝活性进行了研究,得出了其最佳絮凝条件为:γ-聚谷氨酸投加浓度为10mg/L;絮凝体系的pH为7.0;γ-聚谷氨酸在80℃以下都能保持很高的絮凝活性;添加不同种类的K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Al3+能不同程度地提高γ-聚谷氨酸的絮凝活性,其中添加Ca2+的助凝效果最好,最终选择Ca2+为最佳的助凝离子并确定添加浓度为100mg/L。     

黔西南汞铊矿废弃物中污染物释放的联合调控研究

为评价植生改良与先锋植物联合调控作用对矿产采冶废弃物中污染物迁移的控制情况,以黔西南兴仁市滥木厂大量露天堆存的汞铊矿废弃物(采冶废渣、尾矿、废石等混合物)为研究对象,选择当地广泛存在的碳酸盐岩、腐熟牛粪作为植生改良剂,并种植三叶草和黑麦草作为先锋植物进行联合调控,通过淋滤实验评价其对废弃物中高毒性污染物Hg、Tl、As...