用气流输送轨迹分析上海,重庆,贵阳的酸雨特点及其比较

用降雨时的气流输送轨迹,分析了上海、重庆和贵阳三地的酸雨特点和成因。研究表明,重庆和贵阳的酸雨,主要是受局地污染源的影响,远距离外来污染影响不大;但贵阳在静止锋天气时的酸雨,可能也受远处输送来的外来污染的影响。上海地区的酸雨,除受局地污染源的影响外,还受远处外来污染的影响。     

浅议宣威矿电磷一体化建设项目循环经济发展

矿电磷一体化建设项目是云南省宣威市一个新型工业化项目和循环经济试点项目，规划设计和建设均以资源的高效利用、废物资源化利用和保护生态环境为目标，具有明显的环境效益，可最终实现企业发展与环境保护共赢。     

矿井水处理方法及其治理方案择优

筒述了适用于西北地区煤矿高矿化度及酸性矿井水处理方法，介绍了用两种多目标模糊决策法在三个可行的酸性水处理方案中选优方法。     

黄土区露天矿排土场生态建设中水分调控技术的研究

平朔露天煤矿位于半干旱的黄土高原区，经过15年的土地复垦与生态重建，已建成比原有生态系统结构更合理，功能更有效的人工生态系统，形成了一套以水分调控技术为核心的比较良好的生态建设技术体系，水分调控技术的提出，形成和发展是针对矿区生态建设的目标而产生的。本文从矿区可持续发展角度，依据露天矿生态建设中水分调控技术的作用和内容，将水分调控技术分为三个阶段；一是水环境安全调控阶段，二是水土保持阶段；三是水分的资源化利用阶段。水资源化利用是今后露天矿生态建设中水分调控技术发展的趋势，为此着重探讨了其技术内容。     

煤矿区环境保护与清洁开采技术

煤炭开采在给社会带来经济效益的同时，也导致了矿区的环境污染和生态破坏，如煤炭开采引起地表塌陷，煤炭开采过程中的废弃物、噪声污染和破坏人类生活环境等。为了保护好生态环境，必须采用清洁开采技术，才能保持能源生产、消费和生态之间的平衡。     

广东区域酸雨污染模拟研究

运用数值模拟方法，使用一年365日的风速资料、12个月的降水资料和环境监测资料以及年平均的污染源资料，对广东地区的酸雨污染进行了较细致的分析。结果认为，以日为基础的累积计算，对于提高模拟酸雨污染的能力是很有帮助的。广东省的酸雨污染主要是由自身排放的污染物造成，外来的污染是次要的，在广东边界地区发现受到外省污染的显著痕迹。     

酸处理对活性污泥脱水性能的影响及其作用机理

用硫酸对活性污泥进行脱水前预处理,可使污泥中水分分布发生有利于机械脱水的变化,即结合水含量减少、可脱水程度增大,从而改善活性污泥脱水效果.试验数据表明,只加阳离子PAM调理,污泥经过板框压滤脱水后(压榨时间30 min)泥饼含水率为76.14%;经过酸化预处理后再加阳离子PAM可以使泥饼含水率降至70.24%.不管是过滤脱水还是离心脱水过程,酸处理对污泥脱水速率没有太大影响,却可以提高污泥可脱水程度.进一步研究发现,酸处理的机理是:酸处理使污泥中胞外聚合物ECP水解、微生物细胞瓦解,从而絮体内部间隙水、细胞内部间隙水被释放变成自由水,污泥水分分布发生变化,污泥可脱水程度提高,最终导致污泥脱水效果好.     

Marine macroalgal community structure, metal content and reproductive function near an acid mine drainage outflow

Marine macroalgal communities were examined near the outflow of acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Britannia Mine, British Columbia, Canada. No marine algae were present within 100 m of the mouth of Britannia Creek, which carries the AMD into the marine environment. At greater distances (300-700 m) from this Creek, mean summer cover of filamentous green algae, mostly Enteromorpha intestinalis, was >60%, which was significantly higher than at nearby reference stations. At still greater distances (600-1000 m) from Britannia Creek, Fucus gardneri dominated algal communities that were similar to those at reference stations. No consistent differences were detected in mean plant length, mean per cent cover or mean oocyte production between F. gardneri near Britannia Creek and those at reference stations. Cu body burden in F. gardneri near Britannia Creek was five to 17 times higher than in reference plants.     

Phosphorus Losses to Water from Lowland Rice Fields under Rice–Wheat Double Cropping System in the Tai Lake Region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm² for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm² for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m² and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm² in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm² year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

Hydrochemical Monitoring and Heavy Metal Contaminations at the Narim Mine Creek in the Sulcheon District, Republic of Korea

The Narim gold mine is located approximately 200km southeast of Seoul within the Sulcheon mineralised district in the Yeongnam massif, Korea. In this study, environmental geochemical analyses were undertaken for soil, sediment and water samples collected in April, September and November in 1998 from the Narim mine creek. The mine area consists mainly of granitic gneiss; however, mineral constituents of soil and sediment near the mine were mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, some pyrite and clay minerals. Also were found some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, malachite, goethite, various hydroxide and unidentified secondary minerals. Generally, high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and sediment are correlated with a high proportion of secondary minerals. Hydrochemical compositions of water samples are characterised by relative significant enrichment of Na⁺+K⁺ and alkali metals in the ground water, whereas the surface and mine waters are relatively enriched in Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺ and heavy metals. Anion contents of the ground waters are typically enriched in HCO₃ ^–, NO₃ ^– and Cl^–, whereas the surface and mine waters are highly enriched in HCO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2–. The pH and EC values of the surface water from the non-mine creek are relatively lower compared with those of the surface water around the mine and waste dump. The range of D and ¹⁸O values (d parameters) of the water samples are shown in distinct two groups for the April waters of 10.1–13.1, and for the November waters of 5.8–7.9, respectively. This range variation indicates that two group water were composed of distinct waters because of seasonal difference. Geochemical modelling showed that mostly heavy toxic metals may exist largely in the form of free metal (M²⁺) and metal-sulphate (MSO₄ ^2–), and SO₄ ^2– concentration influenced the speciation of heavy metals in the mine water. These metals in the ground water could be formed of CO₃ ^– and OH^– complex ions. Using a computer program, saturation indices of albite, calcite, dolomite in mostly surface water show undersaturated and progressively evolved toward the saturation state, however, ground and mine waters are nearly saturated. The gibbsite, kaolinite and smectite are supersaturated in the surface and ground water, respectively. Calculated water-mineral reaction and stabilities suggest that the weathering of silicate minerals may be stable kaolinite. The clay minerals of K-illite and Na-smectite will be transformed to more stable kaolinite owing to the continuous reaction.