广州城市道路雨水径流的水质特征

城市道路雨水径流中富含交通活动所产生的大量石油类、悬浮固体和重金属等污染物,能够对受纳水体的水质造成明显的破坏并影响水生生态。对广州市内道路某路段发生的七场路面雨水径流进行了降雨量、径流量的同步监测和径流样品的水质分析,结果表明,广州城市道路雨水径流中营养盐的含量较低,但COD值较高,且可生化性差,石油类和重金属的含量也较高。其中石油类、COD、悬浮固体和重金属Pb的污染水平虽然与国内其他城市的研究结果在同一范围,但都高于国外发达国家的研究结果,反映出我国在道路路面环境维护和管理上与国外的差距。对照我国地表水环境质量标准,广州城市道路雨水径流中的石油类、COD、悬浮固体和Pb等指标都大大超过III类标准,表明道路径流若不经处理直接排放进入地表水体,可能对受纳水体主要是珠江的水质造成严重影响。     

Male influence on sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis

Sex allocation is an important reproductive decision for parents. However, it is often assumed that females have substantial control over sex allocation decisions, and this is particularly true in haplodiploid insects, in which females apparently determine sex by deciding whether to fertilise an egg (and produce a diploid daughter) or not (and produce a haploid son). Mechanisms by which males may influence sex allocation are not so straightforward, and their potential influence on sex ratios has been somewhat neglected. Here, we test whether males influence offspring sex ratios in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. We show that some of the variation in observed sex ratios can be attributed to males when comparing the affect of male strain on sex ratio. We did not find among-male variation in sex ratio with a less powerful experiment using males from only one strain or an effect of male mating environment. Our data suggest that males can influence female sex ratios and contribute to the variation around the sex ratios optimal for females. However, the influence is not large, suggesting that females have more influence on sex allocation than do males. We conclude by considering whether male influences on sex ratio represent differences in male reproductive competence or deliberate attempts by males to increase their fitness by influencing daughter production.     

Local adaptation and sexual selection: a reciprocal transfer experiment with the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus

Immigration into locally adapted populations has been suggested, among other potential causes, to maintain genetic variance in fitness necessary for good-genes models. Using a reciprocal transplant experiment we examined whether females prefer native to transferred males in the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus. On average, native and transferred males did not differ in their attractiveness, measured as female response rate to playbacks of male acoustic courtship signals. In line with this result, we found no significant effect of transfer on body size, condition, fluctuating asymmetry or song traits. However, the reciprocal transplant experiment showed that environmental conditions did influence body condition and maximum loudness of the calling song, but that the genetic origin of male grasshoppers had no significant effect on any of the analysed traits.Communicated by L. Simmons     

Individual sex ratios and offspring emergence patterns in a parasitoid wasp, Melittobia australica (Eulophidae), with superparasitism and lethal combat among sons

Since the mating of the parasitoid wasp Melittobia australica occurs on their eclosed hosts, the sex ratio is predicted to follow the local mate competition (LMC) theory. However, while LMC models predict that the sex ratio will increase from female-biased toward a 1:1 ratio with an increase in the number of foundresses, the observed female-biased sex ratios (1–5% males) show little increase in response to an increased foundress number. Lethal combat among adult males may serve as an explanation for this observed phenomenon. Using a microsatellite DNA marker, we first examined the individual sex ratio of two foundresses who had sequentially parasitized the same host. Both foundresses produced an extremely female-biased clutch and the sex ratios of the second foundress were only slightly less biased than that of the first. A small number of sons from both foundresses emerged at a constantly low rate over a prolonged period, resulting in a temporal mixture of emerging males derived from both the foundresses. Second, we conducted a one-on-one arena experiment to examine the combat level in relation to the relatedness of the opponents. Almost all the later-emerging males were killed by previously eclosed males irrespective of whether they were sibs or non-sibs. These results suggest that each foundress should not produce males in a single burst, but continue to produce male eggs at a constantly low rate in order to avoid the high mortality of her own sons by lethal male-male combat. This combat may be one of factors in explaining the extremely female-biased sex ratio even with an increasing foundress number.Communicated by R.F.A. Moritz     

模拟酸雨对龙眼幼果纤维素酶活性和内源激素含量的影响

酸雨胁迫后，龙眼幼果IAA、GA1 3、ZRs、DHZRs、iPAs含量下降，ABA含量升高，生长抑制物ABA和生长促进物(IAA、GA1 3)的比值提高，酸雨胁迫还使纤维素酶活性上升，促进幼果脱落．易脱落幼果的纤维素酶活性和ABA含量高于正常幼果，而IAA、GA1 3、iPAs、ZRs、DHZRs含量低于正常幼果．图6表1参14     

改善城市空气质量的研究

本文分析了风、干湿沉降在城市内大气污染物清除过程中的作用，指出平均风速对大气质量起主导作用，但在清除污染物方面干湿沉降为主要过程。要改善城市大气环境，除限制排放及高烟囱集中排放外，还可在低源群四周设置防护林带及人工雨装置来清除低源烟云，并给出了林带及人工雨带宽度的计算公式。由计算可知分割设防护带方法优于区域隔离带法。     

多污染因子健康影响的区域性综合评价方法

本文介绍了一种多污染因子健康影响的区域性综合评价方法.运用该方法进行办北京市大气污染对居民健康影响的研究》不仅证明了大气污染对居民健康的影响,还将北京市城、近郊区划分为影响程度不等的四个区.四个区健康指标水平间的比较,证明划分结果是合理的.方法可用于区域性、多项观察指标的大气污染及其他经环境介质污染健康影响的评价.     

昆明地区酸雨时空分布及其成因初探

对1995－1999年昆明地区降雨监测资料的分析，昆明地区酸雨主要为局 地污染引起的硫酸型酸雨，酸雨污染近五年呈明显上升趋势，在空间分布上，城区酸雨频率和强度均明显强于效县。     

混凝沉淀-水解-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理印染废水

介绍了采用混凝沉淀-水解-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理印染废水的工程应用，总结并分析了工程设计及运行的经验。运行结果表明，该工艺对CODCR，BOD5，SS，色度等均有良好的效果，出水水质达到GB4287—92《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》中的一级标准。     

ADMS仿真模拟在总量控制中的应用

ADMs是新一代的大气扩散模型，用来评估空气污染扩散的问题。抚顺市2004年采取了大气污染治理措施并使用ADMs模型予以评估。仿真模拟的结果表明各项措施的效果并不和治理时的投资成比例，也不和污染物的削减总量成比例．说明治理过程中的科学性和经济性不够理想，也表明总量控制方针在实施中有许多实际问题需要解决。