Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

模拟酸雨淋溶条件下紫壤淋出液中溶解性有机质的三维荧光特性

运用三维荧光技术分析了模拟酸雨淋溶紫壤淋出液中溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）的组分与酸度及淋溶量的关系.研究结果表明,模拟酸雨淋溶紫壤淋出液中DOM荧光峰主要为类胡敏酸和类富里酸,荧光峰的中心位于Ex/Em=305—370 nm/420—450 nm和Ex/Em=260—270...     

模拟酸雨与重金属复合胁迫对绞股蓝生长及根际微生物的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨与Zn(30和400 mg.kg-1)、Cd(1和15 mg.kg-1)单独或复合胁迫对绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)药用成分——总皂甙含量以及根际土壤微生物数量和组成的影响。结果表明:不同pH值的模拟酸雨均能抑制细菌、放线菌、氮素生理类群的生长,其数量随酸雨pH值的降低而不断减少;真菌、纤维素分解菌数量随酸雨pH值的降低呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量随酸雨pH值的降低而降低。酸雨影响下,单施低浓度的Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)时,根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝总皂甙含量均高于无重金属处理;但当Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)处于高浓度时,它们又明显低于无重金属处理。酸雨影响下,Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)为低浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量影响表现为拮抗效应;Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)为高浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根...     

SO2 gas adsorption by modified kaolin clays: influence of previous heating and time acid treatments

Modified kaolin clays were used as adsorbents for SO(2) gas adsorptions. The clays were heated up to 900 °C previous to acid treatments with 0.5 N sulfuric acid solutions at boiling temperature during different times up to 1440 min. Equilibrium adsorption at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa was carried out by using a volumetric apparatus. The samples were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and infrared analysis. The heating of the clays followed by acid treatment improved the adsorption capacity of the kaolin clays. The presence of amorphous silica and hydroxyl in the final products improved SO(2) adsorption capacity. Better properties for SO(2) adsorption were found in kaolin rich in not well ordered kaolinite clay mineral.     

Metal and oxalate contamination in a suburban watershed in the greater Toronto area: the benefits of combining acid leach and selective extraction procedures

Environmentally available concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni in soils and sediments from a small suburban catchment, obtained using an acid leach procedure, are compared to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment lowest effect level (LEL) and severe effect levels (SEL) and to Provincial sediment quality guidelines (PSQG's). These data are then compared to the bioavailability, potential bioavailability and non-bioavailability of the same metals, plus oxalate concentration, identified using a selective extraction procedure. This combination of techniques enhanced analytical interpretation with respect to metal mobility and potential metal contamination. Selective extraction highlighted the presence of oxalate as a potential contaminant, especially in poorly drained valley floor deposits (33,633 mg kg(-1) and 26,284 mg kg(-1)) and lakeshore sediments (27,095 mg kg(-1) and 13,729 mg kg(-1)). These levels are considerably in excess of those previously documented in a similar study from Rio de Janeiro, where contamination of urban sediment by sewage is a recognised environmental problem, and could possibly be used both as an indicator of similar contamination and the identification of those areas that warrant further investigation.     

噪声自动监测系统相关问题研究

总结了环境噪声人工监测方法的缺陷,然后从城市环境噪声数据的性质、噪声自动监测系统的物理构成、噪声监测子站的布设、噪声自动监测有效时间的确定这几个方面对噪声自动监测系统进行了相关问题的论述.     

江油市降水pH值的时间分布特征及控制对策

根据江油市2001～2009年的监测资料,首次分析江油市降水PH值的状况和变化.在降水酸碱类型的频率分布统计特征的基础上,探讨江油市降水pH值的季节分布特征及夏季酸雨的成因,并提出控制措施.     

鹰潭市酸雨污染现状、趋势与成因分析

采用2001-2010年降水监测数据,全面系统地研究分析鹰潭市酸雨污染现状、变化规律,并从环境空气质量、区域污染物输送、气象因素和土壤性质等方面探讨酸雨形成的主要原因,得出区域输送是鹰潭市酸雨污染的主要因素。     

提高法律地位 强化征收力度 ——谈排污费费改税的必要性

阐述了我国排污收费制度的现状和发展趋势,针对当前排污费征收工作中遇到的问题,提出了排污费费改税的必要性。指出,在我国实行排污费费改税的条件已经具备,应当把排污收费制度的改革提高到作为我国社会经济可持续发展长期战略的一个组成部分的高度来认识和考虑。     

The Precision of Precipitation Chemistry Measurements in the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN)

Precision estimates are presented for precipitation chemistry and depth measurements made by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). The estimates were made for daily measurements of ion concentration and precipitation depth as well as for weekly, 28-day, seasonal and annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and depths. The data on which the estimates are based were collected from collocated samplers at five CAPMoN sites during the period 1985 to 1993. The data pairs from the collocated samplers were used to calculate the between-instrument error defined as 1/2 times the difference between the paired sample concentrations (or depths). For all of the ion concentrations and depths, the between-sampler errors were found not to be normally distributed, but the normality of the distributions improved with the length of the (volume-weighting) time period considered. A set of quantitative measures of overall network precision were derived in absolute (mg L^-1) and relative (%) units. These included the Modified Median Absolute Deviation (M.MAD), the P90% probability values and the Coefficient of Variation (CoV). The latter, defined as the percent ratio of the M.MAD to the median concentration (or depth), represents the relative precision at the center of the error and concentration (and depth) distributions. Based on the CoV values, the relative precision of the CAPMoN measurements was very high (better than 4%) for SO ₄ ^2- , NO ₃ ^- , pH, H⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , sample depth and standard gauge depth, and not as high (between 10 and <35%) for Cl^-, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺. The ions with the lowest median concentrations had the poorest relative precision since so many of the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limit. Except for the sample and standard gauge depths, both the absolute and relative precision improved with the length of the precipitation-weighting period. Detailed statistical testing established that the precision of the daily measurements is dependent on a number of factors, the most dominant being sample depth and concentration, i.e., the absolute precision improves with increasing sample depth and decreasing concentration. The strength of these relationships diminished with the length of the precipitation-weighting period being considered. Laboratory-related sources of imprecision were found to account for less than 4% of the overall daily measurement imprecision for most species, while field-related sources of imprecision accounted for the balance. Specialized plots are shown which allow data users to estimate the absolute and relative precision at any concentration and depth value.