废轮胎热解油脱色工艺研究

为解决废旧轮胎热解油颜色过深和存在异味而无法直接利用问题,文章采用活性炭对热解油吸附脱色工艺,将液相中含有的杂质、色素、异味等舍弃物吸附于活性炭表面上,以达到精致的目的。试验表明:热解油活性炭吸附脱色技术的最佳工艺条件为炭粒度550~1 700μm、脱色温度为室温、吸附时间为300 min、振荡频率为150 r/min。并证明了平2均孔径、中孔孔容积和中孔比表面积为26.4、0.307 m L/g和280 m/g的烟煤基活性炭对热解油具有很好的脱色能力。     

水解酸化+CAST工艺处理城市污水的工程设计与运行特性

介绍了昌邑市城北污水处理厂一期工程的设计参数、主要设备与运行特性。结果表明：采用“水解酸化+CAST”工艺处理城市污水的出水COD,BOD5,SS可稳定达到GB 18918-2002《国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B标准,而NH3-N,TN,TP的处理效果变差与污泥发生膨胀有关。水解酸化对COD平均去除率达23%,也降低了污水的pH值,而不受水温影响;水解酸化可为后续生化处理工艺起到稳定水质作用。水解酸化+CAST工艺处理吨水平均能耗为0.28 kW?h。污水厂的投入运行使得COD,NH3-N的年削减量分别为4074,174 t,可大大缓解当地的水体环境污染。     

Determination of spontaneous combustion of thermally dried sewage sludge

The general purpose of this research was the determination of self-ignition tendency of thermally dried sewage sludge. Eight Spanish plants located in Madrid, Barcelona and Málaga were selected to develop this study and ten samples were collected. Three different testing methodologies for studying the self-ignition of dusts have been undertaken. Thermogravimetric techniques, self-ignition temperature analyses and UN Division 4.2 tests were developed. The results of these analyses showed the risk of self-ignition during storage and transportation of these substances.     

利用灰色Verhulst模型对烟台市空气质量综合评价研究

确定空气中的污染物,预测发展趋势,对改善空气质量状况有着积极的意义.以烟台市2009年-2013年的空气质量为历史数据,利用灰色Verhulst模型预测出未来几年的空气质量数据,其结果显示烟台的空气质量状况在逐年改善,几年后可达到国家一级环境标准.为了确定影响烟台空气质量的主要因素,利用灰色关联分析法得到工厂生活中排放的、烟(粉)尘是最主要的影响因素,私人汽车拥有量和绿化面积是相对重要的影响因素.     

尘肺病危险环模型与尘肺病预防对策

介绍了尘肺危险环模型的结构、原理,并以尘肺危险环模型为基础,从呼吸性粉尘危害程度分级、呼吸性粉尘监测与治理及呼吸性粉尘管理等几个方面探讨了尘肺病的预防对策。     

西部大开发中的制造业模式选择

本文分析了西部大开发中制造业发展的约束条件 ,在这些约束条件下 ,西部大开发中制造业选择绿色制造模式是其必然要求 ;在此基础上分析了在西部大开发中制造业实施绿色制造模式存在的障碍、提出了促进在西部制造业中实施绿色制造模式的政策建议。     

粉煤灰与电石渣治理煤矿自燃矸石山

煤矿自燃矸石山是矿区一大污染源。本文研究了粉煤灰，电石渣这两种工业废弃物作为治理自燃矸石山的灭火材料的可能性。实验室试验表明，在一定的配比下它们具有良好的阻燃性。现场工程获得了成功，不仅取得了良好的环境效益，也取得了良好的经济效益。     

Use of adjuvants to minimize leaching of herbicides in soil

Excessive leaching of herbicides affects their efficacy against target weeds and results in contamination of groundwater. Use of adjuvants that can weakly bind herbicides and in turn release them slowly is a valuable technique to prolong the efficacy of herbicides and to minimize their leaching into groundwater. Effects of activated charcoal, three humic substances (Enersol SP 85%, Enersol 12%, and Agroliz), or a synthetic polymer (Hydrosorb) on the leaching of bromacil, dicamba, and simazine were investigated in leaching columns using a Candler fine sand (Typic Quartzipsamment). The addition of adjuvants had no harmful effects on physical properties of the soil as evident from lack of its affects on water percolation. When no adjuvants were used, 69%, 37%, and 4% of applied dicamba, bromacil, and simazine, respectively, were leached in the first pore volume of leachate (⋍3.2 cm rainfall). With five pore volumes of leachate (⋍16 cm rainfall), bromacil and dicamba were leached completely and only 80% of simazine was leached. Using Enersol 12% adjuvant resulted in a 13%–18% reduction in leaching of dicamba and bromacil in five pore volumes of leachate. The leaching of simazine was significantly decreased when any of the five adjuvants mentioned above were used. However, the decrease in leaching was significantly greater when using Enersol SP 85% or Enersol 12% (24%–28%) than when using the other adjuvants (12%–16%).     

Modelling of organic matter dynamics during the composting process

Composting urban organic wastes enables the recycling of their organic fraction in agriculture. The objective of this new composting model was to gain a clearer understanding of the dynamics of organic fractions during composting and to predict the final quality of composts. Organic matter was split into different compartments according to its degradability. The nature and size of these compartments were studied using a biochemical fractionation method. The evolution of each compartment and the microbial biomass were simulated, as was the total organic carbon loss corresponding to organic carbon mineralisation into CO₂. Twelve composting experiments from different feedstocks were used to calibrate and validate our model. We obtained a unique set of estimated parameters. Good agreement was achieved between the simulated and experimental results that described the evolution of different organic fractions, with the exception of some compost because of a poor simulation of the cellulosic and soluble pools. The degradation rate of the cellulosic fraction appeared to be highly variable and dependent on the origin of the feedstocks. The initial soluble fraction could contain some degradable and recalcitrant elements that are not easily accessible experimentally.     

Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Wastewater and Sludge of Poultry Slaughterhouses

Antibiotimicrobial resistance was investigated in 537 Enterococcus spp. isolates recovered from 22 samples of crude inflow, treated effluent and sludge collected in wastewater treatment plants of eight poultry slaughterhouses of Portugal. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the resistance to each antimicrobial agent with regards to the origin of the sample (inflow, sludge and effluent). Many of the isolates displayed resistance to tetracycline (85.7%), erythromycin (45.7%), nitrofurantoin (34.0%) and rifampicin (17.8%). Resistance was also observed, but to a lesser extent, to ciprofloxacin (10.2%), ampicillin (8.0%), chloramphenicol (4.6%), vancomycin (0.9%) and gentamicin (0.4%). Resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes was present in 37.1% of the isolates. Wastewater treatment resulted in viable enterococci decrease between less than 1 log and 4 log; nevertheless, more than 4.4 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL were present in the outflow of the plants and thus resistant enterococci are not prevented from reaching the general environment.