磷肥对砷污染土壤的植物修复效率的影响:田间实例研究

通过田间试验研究施用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草(PterisvittataL.)生长和砷污染土壤修复效率的影响.结果表明,适量施用磷肥促进蜈蚣草的生长,显著提高其生物量,但过量施用磷肥对植物产量无贡献.随着磷肥施用量的增加,蜈蚣草地上部砷含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,理论上在施磷量为340kg·hm-2时,砷含量可达最高(1622mg·kg-1).磷的含量与施磷量呈极显著的正相关关系.施磷量为200kg·hm-2的砷累积量最高,是不施磷处理砷累积量的2 4倍及600kg·hm-2施磷量砷累积量的1 2倍.种植蜈蚣草7个月后,土壤总砷均有不同程度的下降,施磷量为200kg·hm-2的土壤中砷含量下降5 0mg·kg-1,土壤修复效率最高(7 84%).对照和600kg·hm-2施磷量处理的土壤修复效率分别为2 31%和6 63%.理论上达到最大土壤修复效率所需施磷量为369kg·hm-2.施用磷肥可以维持土壤有效态砷含量在蜈蚣草种植前后变化不大,保证蜈蚣草下个生育期对砷的吸收.这些结果说明施用磷肥是蜈蚣草等砷超富集植物在现场修复中的必要手段,优化施磷技术可大大提高砷污染土壤的修复效率.     

缓冲液对微生物燃料电池产电性能影响研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)应用于废水处理是一项非常有潜力的除污产能的绿色技术.但MFC运行过程中采用磷酸盐缓冲液不符合除污产能要求,增加水体富营养化趋势且增加水处理成本.试验采用单极室微生物燃料电池处理模拟生活污水,以投加PBS(phosphate buffer solution)...     

篦齿眼子菜对废水中氮和磷的去除行为研究

一些常见的沉水草本植物对水质具有较强的净化作用,能够有效控制氮和磷的浓度.本试验通过模拟氮、磷污染的水质条件,采用篦齿眼子菜对氮、磷营养盐的吸附和去除效果进行研究.结果 表明:设定模拟废水中的初始总氮(TN)浓度在1～50 mg/L范围内,培养30天后的植株对总氮的去除率最高可达85.4％,随着初始培养环境中总氮浓度的...     

Assessing farming eco-efficiency: a Data Envelopment Analysis approach

This paper assesses farming eco-efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Eco-efficiency scores at both farm and environmental pressure-specific levels are computed for a sample of Spanish farmers operating in the rain-fed agricultural system of Campos County. The determinants of eco-efficiency are then studied using truncated regression and bootstrapping techniques. We contribute to previous literature in this field of research by including information on slacks in the assessment of the potential environmental pressure reductions in a DEA framework. Our results reveal that farmers are quite eco-inefficient, with very few differences emerging among specific environmental pressures. Moreover, eco-inefficiency is closely related to technical inefficiencies in the management of inputs. Regarding the determinants of eco-efficiency, farmers benefiting from agri-environmental programs as well as those with university education are found to be more eco-efficient. Concerning the policy implications of these results, public expenditure in agricultural extension and farmer training could be of some help to promote integration between farming and the environment. Furthermore, Common Agricultural Policy agri-environmental programs are an effective policy to improve eco-efficiency, although some doubts arise regarding their cost-benefit balance.     

不同点火模式下软质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧的实验研究

为研究软质聚氨酯泡沫(FPUF)的燃烧行为对火灾的影响,采用锥形量热仪(CONE)分析FPUF在强制点火和非强制点火模式下的燃烧行为、热释放速率HRR、质量损失速率MLR和燃烧效率η。研究结果表明：当外部辐射≥40 kW/m²时,FPUF在2种点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR均出现2个明显的峰值且η约为88%;当外部辐射<40 kW/m²时,FPUF在非强制点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR曲线趋于单峰形式;FPUF在强制点火模式下燃烧前期为异氰酸酯(TDI)和多元醇的混合燃烧,在非强制点火模式下为TDI的挥发。根据研究结果修正现有燃料组分的热值计算方法,获得FPUF和多元醇的热值分别为(20±2),(28±3) kJ/g。     

基于数据分析的打印设备能效评估

为了更有效地执行我国能效等级评价标准和降低办公能耗,着重讨论了打印设备的能源效率评价。通过收集的数据来分析打印机能效限定值及相应的能效等级标准的测试方法测试过程中的关键点。通过引入计算模型和介绍测量典型能耗分析法(TEC),操作模式功率法(OM)的步骤和检测方法。对检测需要注意的项目以及有效降低电力能源消耗提出对应的方案和建议。     

Net value royalties : Practical tool or economist's illusion?

The petroleum industry has traditionally generated substantial revenues for governments. Where governmental power is divided, as in federations like Canada and Australia, a junior level of government normally collects royalties while the senior level levies a variety of imposts (income tax, export duties, excises on production). The combination of recent sharp reductions in prices, more price volatility and an era of freer markets has subjected existing tax and royalty systems to severe strain and has shifted attention to the design of fiscal systems that are more profit- sensitive. For the royalty element, interest focuses on net value royalties (NVRs). This paper deals with the nature and problems of NVRs. It proceeds by looking first at the application of resource rent royalties in Australia. It then focuses on recent megaproject royalty arrangements in Alberta and evaluates the degree to which Alberta's current royalty system is profit- sensitive. Problems associated with NVRs are discussed in the fourth section; concluding remarks are made in the last section.     

稠油热采系统综合能耗监测方法及评价

针对目前稠油热采系统节能措施和节能产品对某一环节单个节能产品的节能效果进行检测、评价的现状,提出了将稠油热采系统作为一个整体,采取组合节能措施及产品,给出了稠油热采系统的能耗监测流程、监测要求、程序与方法、数据分析评价方法等。形成了稠油热采系统综合能耗监测数据分析及效果评价方法。     

北京城区夏季O3化学生成过程

选取2007年7月1日—8月31日中的21个晴空日,利用观测资料和光化学箱模式计算了北京城区测点的O₃生成速率G(O₃)和O₃生成效率OPE.结果表明,21个晴空日中G(O₃)日最高小时值分布在(18~82)×10^-9h^-1之间;在O₃污染和非污染日G(O₃)最高值的平均水平无显著差异,且与O_x浓度之间不存在一致的对应关系,表明O₃化学生成过程不能全面解释地面O₃浓度的累积,物理传输过程对测点O₃实测浓度有显著作用;各个化学过程对G(O₃)的贡献率对比结果显示,HO₂ 在 NO向NO₂的转化中贡献最大;OPE值分布在2.8~5.8之间,总体水平为4.1±0.1;OPE值与NO_x浓度之间为非线性关系,OPE值随NO_x浓度的增加而减少,表明消减测点附近VOCs排放能有效降低O₃浓度.     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦(将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg·hm-2农田施用)、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg·hm-2(LN)、240 kg·hm-2(NN)处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期N素含量、N素吸收、N素分配和N素利用效率的影响.结果表明:①农田施用水葫芦使水稻不同生育时期植株...