基于化肥削减潜力及碳减排的小麦生产效率

基于2004~2015年中国小麦主产省份的小麦生产投入产出数据,分析了中国小麦生产的化肥削减及碳减排潜力,并利用SBM模型和ML指数分别测算了小麦生产的环境效率和环境全要素生产率.结果显示：科学施肥条件下,主产省份小麦生产的化肥削减及碳减排潜力分别为51.66%、37.41%;化肥削减及碳减排条件下,小麦生产环境效率未降低,2004~2015年间平均的小麦生产环境效率为0.970,北方地区的小麦生产环境效率要低于南方地区,小麦生产的MLEFFCH指数、MLTECH指数、ML指数超过了1,大于化肥未削减、全碳排放条件下的MLEFFCH指数、MLTECH指数、ML指数,化肥削减及碳减排利于实际生产向最大产出迫近,以达到生产的帕累托最优状态.     

“一带一路”重点地区全要素能源效率-测算、分解及影响因素分析

将“一带一路¹”国内重点地区作为研究对象,从“一带”和“一路”角度分析重点地区全要素能源效率.遵循测算、分解及影响因素分析的研究路径,考虑水体和大气污染两方面的三种非期望产出,采用超效率SBM模型测算重点地区2005-2015年的全要素能源效率,以Malmquist指数分解全要素能源效率变动,通过Tobit模型对10种影响因素进行回归分析.研究发现：2005-2015年,“一带一路”重点地区全要素能源效率未见进步.以经济带划分的全要素能源效率存在差异,“一路”地区全要素能源效率最高,“一带一路”重点地区总体次之,“一带”地区最低,分别稳定在0.96,0.82和0.76的水平;大部分重点地区的Malmquist指数大于1,显示生产效率进步,可能存在“回弹效应”;经济发展、产业结构、对外开放和能源价格可以促进重点地区全要素能源效率提高,研究开发、政府干预、生产要素比没有带来正面影响,工业污染显示显著负影响.最终.     

Fe3O4/BC复合材料的制备及其吸附除磷性能

为解决磁性吸附剂Fe₃O₄不稳定、易在水中团聚以及吸附效率较低的问题,以BC（生物炭）为载体,采用化学共沉淀法制备了Fe₃O₄/BC（生物炭负载的纳米四氧化三铁）复合材料,并将其应用于水体中PO₄3--P的吸附去除;探究了Fe₃O₄/BC对水中PO₄3--P的吸附-解析性能,考察了纳米Fe₃O₄负载比例、吸附体系pH和初始ρ（PO₄3--P）等因素对Fe₃O₄/BC吸附PO₄3--P效率的影响,并考察了吸附机制.结果表明:所制备的Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒呈球形,均匀散布在生物炭表面;Fe₃O₄/BC复合材料能高效吸附水中的PO₄3--P,在pH=3、温度为25℃、ρ（PO₄3--P）为50 mg/L、Fe₃O₄/BC投加量为400 mg（二者质量比为1:1）,吸附3 h达到平衡后,Fe₃O₄/BC吸附PO₄3--P效率达到92.14%. Fe₃O₄/BC复合材料吸附PO₄3--P的机制包括配位体交换和静电吸引,吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程. Fe₃O₄/BC具有良好的解析性能,用c（NaOH）为2.0 mol/L的溶液对吸附PO₄3--P饱和后的Fe₃O₄/BC进行解析,解析效率达到80%.研究显示,Fe₃O₄/BC重复利用性好,在第4次利用后还能保持75%以上的吸附效率.      

Facile one-step synthesis of functionalized biochar from sustainable prolifera-green-tide source for enhanced adsorption of copper ions

The use of biochars formed by hydrothermal carbonization for the treatment of contaminated water has been greatly limited,due to their poorly developed porosity and low content of surface functional groups.Also,the most common modification routes inevitably require post-treatment processes,which are time-consuming and energy-wasting.Hence,the objective of this research was to produce a cost-effective biochar with improved performance for the treatment of heavy metal pollution through a facile one-step hydrothermal carbonization process coupled with ammonium phosphate,thiocarbamide,ammonium chloride or urea,without any posttreatment.The effects of various operational parameters,including type of modification reagent,time and temperature of hydrothermal treatment,and ratio of modification reagent to precursor during impregnation,on the copper ion adsorption were examined.The adsorption data fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model quite well.The maximum adsorption capacities(mg/g) of the biochars towards copper ions followed the order of 40-8 h-1.0-APBC(95.24) 140-8 h-0-BC(12.52) 140-8 h-1.0-TUBC(12.08) 140-8 h-1.0-ACBC(7.440) 140-8 h-1.0-URBC(5.277).The results indicated that biochars modified with ammonium phosphate displayed excellent adsorption performance toward copper ions,which was 7.6-fold higher than that of the pristine biochar.EDX and FT-IR analyses before and after adsorption demonstrated that the main removal mechanism involved complexation between the phosphate groups on the surface of the modified biochars and copper ions.     

Formation of CoAl layered double hydroxide on the boehmite surface and its role in tungstate sorption

Sorption of tungstate on boehmite(γ-Al OOH)is increased by co-sorption with Co~(2+)over the near-neutral p H range.Batch uptake experiments show up to a 3-fold increase in tungstate uptake over the range WO_4~(2-)=50–1000μmol/L compared to boehmite not treated with Co~(2+).Desorption experiments reveal a corresponding decrease in sorption reversibility for tungstate co-sorbed with Co~(2+).Reaction of boehmite with Co~(2+)results in the formation of Co Al layered double hydroxide(LDH),as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.Tungsten L_3-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure(XANES)reveals that W(VI)is octahedrally coordinated in all sorption samples,with polymeric tungstate species forming at higher tungstate concentrations.X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicate that the mechanism for enhancement of tungstate uptake is the formation of surface complexes on boehmite at low tungstate concentrations,while exchange into the Co Al LDH becomes important at higher tungstate concentrations.The results provide a basis for developing strategies to enhance tungstate sorption and to limit its environmental mobility at near-neutral pH conditions.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel hybrid chelating material for effective adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)

The discharge of heavy metal ions such as Cu~2+and Pb~2+poses a severe threat to public health and the environment owing to their extreme toxicity and bioaccumulation through food chains Herein, we report a novel organic–inorganic hybrid adsorbent, Al(OH)_3-poly(acrylamide dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)-graft-dithiocarbamate(APD), for rapid and effectiv removal of Cu~2+and Pb~2+. In this adsorbent, the "star-like" structure of Al(OH)3 poly(acrylamide-dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) served as the support of dithiocarbamat(DTC) functional groups for easy access of heavy metal ions and assisted development of larg and compact floccules. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). APD was demonstrated to hav rapid adsorption kinetics with an initial rate of 267.379 and 2569.373 mg/(g·min) as well a superior adsorption capacities of 317.777 and 586.699 mg/g for Cu~2+and Pb~2+respectively. Th adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, involving intraparticle diffusion and chemical interaction between heavy metal ions and the functional groups of APD. To assess it versatility and wide applicability, APD was also used in turbid heavy metal wastewater, and performed well in removing suspended particles and heavy metal ions simultaneously through flocculation and chelation. The rapid, convenient and effective adsorption of Cu~2+and Pb~2+give APD great potential for heavy metal decontamination in industrial applications.     

Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate coating on adsorption of methylene blue by biochar from aqueous solution

Biochar is regarded as a promising new class of materials due to its multifunctional character and the possibility of effectively coupling different properties. With increasing introduction into the environment, environmental chemicals such as surfactants will load onto the released biochar and change its physicochemical characteristics and adsorption behavior toward pollutants. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), as one type of anionic surfactant, was coated onto biochar with different loading amounts. The influence of SDS loading onto biochar's physicochemical properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, zeta potential and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area and pore size distribution analysis. Results showed that the pore size of the biochar decreased gradually with the increase of SDS loading because of the surface-adsorption and pore-blocking processes; the p H of the point of zero charge(pHPZC) decreased with increasing SDS loading. Although surface-coating with SDS decreased the pore size of the biochar, its adsorption capacity toward Methylene Blue(MB) significantly increased. The biochar-bound SDS introduced functional groups and negative charges to the biochar surface, which could thus enhance the adsorption of MB via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. The results can shed light on the underlying mechanism of the influence of anionic surfactants on the adsorption of MB by biochar.     

金属矿山掘进巷道新型通风除尘系统研究与应用

为了减少掘进巷道的粉尘危害,以某金属矿掘进工作面为研究对象,经过现场调研和理论分析,研究开发了1种适合掘进巷道的新型通风除尘系统。介绍了新型通风除尘系统的结构和工作原理,并将该通风除尘系统应用于掘进巷道的粉尘治理,对该系统在掘进巷道的应用效果进行现场测定。研究结果表明:该通风除尘系统将压风筒布置在巷道中心位置的顶部,抽风筒布置在巷道两侧的呼吸带高度,使得掘进工作面的风流位置控制在1.5 m之下,保障了作业人员的职业健康。系统的湿式除尘风机对掘进巷道粉尘除尘效率达到了91%以上,彻底解决了掘进巷道粉尘污染问题。同时该系统能够实现按需通风除尘,净化后的风流可以循环利用,节能效果显著,在金属矿山掘进巷道生产系统具有较好的应用前景。     

湿式旋流弦切除尘器性能实验研究

旋流弦切除尘器作为一种新型湿式除尘器,具有良好的特性。本文在所建立的实验系统上,按湿式除尘性能测试的相关规范,研究了除尘风速、弦切速度与除尘器效率和压力损失间的关系。实验结果显示:在液气比为定值时(0.05 L/m~3),在实验风速范围内,除尘效率存在极值;压力损失符合流体力学的局部阻力规律,并拟合出了除尘器的局部阻力系数。     

基于地域性的三种污泥干化工艺的经济性比较

随着城市污水排放量的增多和成分的复杂化,污泥处理已成为污水处理厂面临的最大难题。脱水污泥含水率高,不利于后续的处理与再利用。污泥热干化可将污泥含水率降至10%~40%,但该过程耗能大,会大幅增加污泥处理成本,不利于污泥处理技术的推广应用。以拉萨、上海、重庆为例,分别对带式干化、热泵-太阳能干化、热泵-太阳能-蓄热干化3种污泥干化工艺的经济性进行分析,阐明了不同干化方式的适用特点,为相变蓄热技术在污泥干化中的推广应用提供了技术参考。