Utilization of sepiolite materials as a bottom liner material in solid waste landfills

Landfill bottom liners are generally constructed with natural clay soils due to their high strength and low hydraulic conductivity characteristics. However, in recent years it is increasingly difficult to find locally available clay soils that satisfy the required engineering properties. Fine grained soils such as sepiolite and zeolite may be used as alternative materials in the constructions of landfill bottom liners. A study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using natural clay rich in kaolinite, sepiolite, zeolite, and their mixtures as a bottom liner material. Unconfined compression tests, swell tests, hydraulic conductivity tests, batch and column adsorption tests were performed on each type of soil and sepiolite–zeolite mixtures. The results of the current study indicate that sepiolite is the dominant material that affects both the geomechanical and geoenvironmental properties of these alternative liners. An increase in sepiolite content in the sepiolite–zeolite mixtures increased the strength, swelling potential and metal adsorption capacities of the soil mixtures. Moreover, hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures decreased significantly with the addition of sepiolite. The utilization of sepiolite–zeolite materials as a bottom liner material allowed for thinner liners with some reduction in construction costs compared to use of a kaolinite-rich clay.     

气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区植被恢复的影响

草原区作为影响我国陆地生态系统碳水循环和生态安全的重点区域,对气候变化和人类活动极为敏感.然而,有关气候变化和人类活动对该区域植被恢复相对贡献的认识尚存分歧.以生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)为评价指标,通过对比MODIS观测的实际NPP和基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型估算的潜在NPP的趋势差异,量化了2000～2020年气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区(北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区)植被恢复的相对作用.结果表明,研究区内93%的草地植被呈恢复趋势,NPP平均增加速率达(以C计)2.12 g·(m²·a)^-1(P<0.01),其中,近一半植被恢复区受气候变化和人为活动共同控制,约36%和10%植被恢复区分别受气候变化和人类活动的独立控制;此外,不同草地类型气候变化主导植被恢复的面积占比差异大,主要表现为高寒草地明显高于温性草地,气候条件越干旱,气候主导面积占比越大.人类活动不是北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区植被恢复的主要原因,但在气候条件恶化地区,人类活动可降低甚至抵消气候变化对植被的负面影响.未来需加强长...     

共基质模式下铁盐脱氮反应器的运行性能及微生物学特征

铁盐作为自养反硝化电子供体时,被氧化产生的高价铁易于沉淀,使得反硝化微生物表面产生"铁壳",其抑制微生物的活性,甚至导致微生物死亡.为解决自养铁盐脱氮反应器因"铁壳"包被而导致的反应器效能下降问题,本文采用共基质模式培养铁盐脱氮反应器,即在反应器进水中适量添加少量乙酸钠,作为有机电子供体,以期实现铁盐脱氮反应器的高效、稳定运行.结果表明,添加适量有机物可使得铁盐脱氮反应器高效稳定运行,效能(以N计)达0. 51 kg·(m3·d)-1,稳定运行约30d.共基质模式下,反应器运行期间始终可以检测到异养菌.结合污泥的TEM检测结果,发现在铁盐脱氮反应器稳定运行期间,异养菌是铁盐脱氮主力军,其独特的铁盐代谢方式可有效避免铁壳形成.本项研究有效解决了铁盐脱氮过程中微生物"铁壳"包被难题,将助力于自养脱氮技术的研发及应用.     

热能（火用）平衡在芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中的实践

运用热能（火用）平衡理论于芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中,建立了芳烃分离装置热能（火用）平衡。热能（火用）平衡测算结果表明：此芳烃分离装置的热能利用效率（实际）为61．65％、热（火用）利用效率（实际）为59．77％、热力学第一定律效率和热力学第二定律效率分别为23．93％和7．76％。依据清洁生产审核思路,对此芳烃分离装置的热能（火用）利用效率进行了原因分析并提出了预防对策,可为提出清洁生产方案提供定量化依据。     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type macrocrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type μc-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 μm) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

温度对干化污泥水蒸气气化产气特性的影响

采用固定床气化装置,在水蒸气流量为0.32 kg/h条件下进行了污泥水蒸气气化实验。研究了温度对污泥气化气体产率、氢气产率、气体成分与低位热值、气体能源转化率的影响。结果表明:随着反应温度从700℃上升到1 000℃;气体产率从0.39 m3/kg升至0.61 m3/kg;氢气产率从0.18 m3/kg升至0.34 m3/kg;气体能源转化率从54%升至88%;产气的低位热值从10 688.1 kJ/m3提高至11 168.9 kJ/m3。同时产气中H2和CO含量随着温度的升高而增加,CH4、CO2和CnHm含量随温度的升高而减少。因此,为了获得更多的可燃气体,建议在污泥水蒸气气化工艺中,气化温度必须大于800℃。     

一株好氧反硝化菌的筛选鉴定及固定化研究

从污水处理厂的活性污泥中筛选得到1株好氧反硝化细菌(YS),对其进行分子生物学鉴定和理化性能测试,并考察了该菌株固定化前后反硝化能力的变化.鉴定结果表明,菌株YS为反硝化产碱菌(Alcaligenes denitrificans).菌株经固定化后,其酶活力有所下降,但稳定性增强,在4 ℃下储存50 d后,固定态菌株对硝酸根的去除率仍可维持在80%以上,而游离态菌株仅为15%.在pH 7.0条件下,固定态菌株的反硝化率比游离态菌株低3%左右,但当pH降低至5.0时,固定态菌株对硝酸根的去除率为72.4%,比游离态菌株高2.6%,表明固定态菌株比游离态菌株更适应于弱酸的环境.在不同的工艺条件下,固定态菌株与游离态菌株反硝化能力的变化趋势相同.菌株YS的最适条件为:接种量1.5%左右,pH为6.0,C/N比为11,葡萄糖为碳源.     

新型生物滴滤填料性能评价

填料是微生物附着生长、水分保持的支撑体,填料的性能直接关系到污染物的最终去除效果.研究开发了3种新型生物滴滤填料:纹翼多面球、改性毛刺球和空心多面柱.测试表明3种填料中,空心多面柱和纹翼多面球的结构特性参数均优于普通的生物滴滤填料,特别是比表面积,达到了200 m2·m-3左右.纹翼多面球的阻力系数ζ在挂膜前后几乎没有变化,而毛刺球的阻力系数ζ增长明显.生物滴滤塔(BTF)实验表明,采用空心多面柱的BTF挂膜启动的时间明显快于其他两种填料;稳定运行阶段实验结果表明,当甲苯和乙醇进口浓度分别为687.37 mg·m-3和651.17 mg·m-3时,采用纹翼多面球的BTF去除效果较好,对于两者的去除率分别达到了76.78%和99.23%.生物量测试表明,3种填料湿生物量也均高于普通的聚丙烯鲍尔环.纹翼多面球填料易实现生物膜的更新与剥落,稳定运行后期单位填料层压降维持在51.6 Pa·m-1,而毛刺球平均压降显著升高(193.3 Pa·m-1),出现了严重堵塞现象.     

硬脂酸改性磁铁矿对石油污水的处理研究

研究硬脂酸改性磁铁矿对石油污水中油类物质的吸附,通过改变温度、超声振荡时间和磁铁矿与硬脂酸的质量比等因素,在最佳的改性条件下制得改性磁铁矿。将改性后的磁铁矿应用于石油污水处理,改变震荡时间,用红外分光测油仪得出吸附结果。结果表明:当改性温度为35℃、改性时间为35min、硬脂酸与磁铁矿质量比为3.5%时磁铁矿改性效果最佳,当吸附时间为8min时,对石油炼化污水中油类物质的吸附效果最好,吸附量为216.65mg/g。