Influence of influent on anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter integrated system

Shortcut nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX), and methanogenesis have been successfully coupled in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter (EGSB-BAF) integrated system. As fed different synthetic wastewater with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 300–1200 mg·L^-1 and NH4+-N of 30–120 mg·L^-1 at the outer recycle ratio of 200%, the influence of influent on ANAMMOX in the integrated system was investigated in this paper. The experimental results showed that higher COD concentration caused an increase in denitrification and methanogenesis but a decrease in ANAMMOX; however, when an influent with the low concentration of COD was used, the opposite changes could be observed. Higher influent NH4+-N concentration favored ANAMMOX when the COD concentration of influent was fixed. Therefore, low COD/NH4+-N ratio would decrease competition for nitrite between ANAMMOX and denitrification, which was favorable for reducing the negative effect of organic COD on ANAMMOX. The good performance of the integrated system indicated that the bacterial community of denitrification, ANAMMOX, and methanogenesis could be dynamically maintained in the sludge of EGSB reactor for a certain range of influent.     

基于FLO~(2D)与3DMine耦合的尾矿库溃坝灾害模拟

为预测和评价尾矿库溃坝的致灾情况,提高库区防灾减灾能力,建立尾矿库溃坝数值仿真模型。采用FLO2D泥石流模拟软件对湖南某尾矿库进行溃坝灾害过程仿真,并将模拟结果与3DMine数字矿山软件耦合,实时反演溃坝灾害过程。分析结果表明,该尾矿库溃坝时的最大溃决流速为40.2 m/s,下游沟谷最大淹没深度达13.6 m,溃坝瞬时最大冲击应力达100 MPa。三维动态反演了尾矿库溃坝前稳定状态、溃坝后0.01,0.02和0.05 h的尾砂流动状态和淹没范围。根据溃坝泥砂流动强度,对该尾矿库全部溃坝和半溃坝时的灾害程度进行三色图判别。     

尾矿库安全评价初探

尾矿库安全评价应该搞清坝及其附属构筑物的安全状况,评定尾矿库的安全等级,进行危害程度分类,对尾矿库安全生产状况做出综合评价。探讨了尾矿库安全评价应该采用的风险分析方法,建议了～个描述综合评价结果的框架。为了提高尾矿库安全评价质量,应尽快组织编写尾矿库安全评价细则,建立科学、统一、规范、权威的标准。     

熵权-未确知测度理论在尾矿库安全标准化中的应用研究

为寻求可用于尾矿库企业评价自身安全标准化运行状况的方法,引入信息熵和未确知测度理论。从要求、执行和成果三方面,选取17个相互独立的评价指标,建立尾矿库安全标准化运行状况评价指标体系。分层抽取员工对指标打分,得到指标观测值。采用信息熵确定各指标权重,以优、良、中、差作为评价等级,并对应安全标准化等级中的1级、2级、3级以及未达标。考虑可操作性,选取直线型函数作为单指标测度函数。使用置信度识别准则判定等级,得出尾矿库安全标准化运行状况评价结果。在5家尾矿库企业进行模型应用,并对比专家考评结果。结果表明,熵权-未确知测度模型用于尾矿库安全标准化运行状况评估的评价结果与实际情况吻合度较高,误差在可接受范围内。     

污染浓度对多级人工湿地-塘系统处理微污染河水中COD的影响

针对微污染水水质不稳定,COD_Mn波动较大的问题,本研究构建了3套中试规模的以"前置生态氧化塘、两级水平潜流湿地和表流湿地为核心、后置沉水植物塘"为工艺的多级人工湿地-塘组合系统（处理水量230 L·d^-1,分别命名为S1、S2和S3）.在3种进水浓度条件下（原水、稀释2倍和稀释1.3倍后的水体,分别作为S1、S2和S3系统的进水）,考察了3套湿地-塘系统各单元对实际微污染河水中COD_Mn的处理效果,并采用高通量测序等方法解析了S1系统湿地单元微生物群落分布特征.研究结果表明,3套系统的平均出水COD较进水有着非显著的升高,从升高的程度来看,S2>S3>S1.污染浓度相对最高、运行时间最长的S1系统对COD有着更好的净化效果.相较于S2系统,S3系统更高的进水浓度有利于COD去除.S1和S2系统的二级水平潜流湿地较其他单元有着较好的COD去除作用,平均去除率分别为18.60%和26.52%.S3系统的表流湿地较其他单元有着较好的COD去除作用,平均去除率为8.92%.微生物群落分析结果表明,S1系统的一级、二级水平潜流湿地中细菌丰度和多样性沿程提高,两个单元所富集的相同优势菌群包括α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲和拟杆菌纲,与COD降解有关的菌属分别包括unclassified_f__Burkholderiaceae、unclassified_c__Alphaproteobacteria、norank_f__Blastocatellaceae和norank_f__Saprospiraceae、红细菌属.表流湿地中细菌丰富度进一步升高,但生物多样性有所减少,其中蓝菌属和norank_c__Actinobacteria可能与表流湿地出水COD升高有关.本研究为大型河口湿地-塘复合生态系统处理微污染地表水时工作重心由浓度削减向污染物释放控制的转移提供了宝贵的工程经验.     

Delineation of groundwater contamination around an ash pond: geochemical and GIS approach

The study has investigated the levels of metal contamination in groundwater due to particulate matter fallout and leaching from ash pond and assigned contamination indices for the adjacent localities around an ash disposal site with application of geographic information systems (GIS). Fe, Ba, Cu, Mn, S, Pb, V, and Zn were found to be the major contaminants in groundwater. Enrichment factors (EF) of these elements with respect to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels show high values for Mn, Fe, and Pb in groundwater. The zone of attenuation for Ba, Fe, Cu, Mn, S, and Zn in groundwater is about 600-900 m from the ash pond, while Pb did not show any significant attenuation even at a distance of 1200 m. Tube wells around Rankasingha and Kukurhanga villages are most contaminated whereas open wells of Lachhmanpur, Kaniapada, and Kurudul villages showed higher degrees of contamination.     

WATER QUALITY STRATIFICATION IN SHALLOW WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS1

ABSTRACT: The physical limnology of three modern wastewater stabilization ponds serving a small community in Minnesota was investigated over a 1-year period (July 1989 - October 1990). Water temperatures and associated meteorological parameters were recorded continuously; underwater light, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Secchi depth were measured intermittently (about weekly). Measurements of nutrients and planktonic species were made by other investigators. Water quality stratification dynamics were studied by analyzing variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH distributions with time and over depth. Intermittent stratification and mixing of the shallow waste stabilization ponds (1–2 m deep) were documented and related to weather. The strong response of the ponds to seasonal and daily weather variations was observed. Three types of pond stratification conditions have been identified: (1) completely mixed during consecutive day and night, (2) stratified during the day and well-mixed during the night, and (3) continuously stratified during day and night. A diurnal cycle of stratification dynamics was first noticed in late April and persisted through summer and into fall. Differences in light attenuation and hence temperature stratification and DO distribution between pond 1 (primary), pond 2 (second primary) and pond 3 (secondary) in the wastewater treatment system were documented and related to different waste loading conditions. Temperature stratification affects chemical, microbial, and planktonic processes in the ponds. Results presented in this paper can be used to provide guidance for water quality sampling in monitoring of pond performance. Information on true mixing conditions is also needed to gain better understanding of important factors affecting pond operation, and for process simulations and reactor modeling of waste stabilization ponds.     

REUSE OF POWER PLANT COOLING WATER FOR IRRIGATION1

ABSTRACT: Current water quality policies in California require disposal of saline blowdown waters from power plants in sealed evaporation ponds to avoid degradation of ground waters. This policy highlights the conflict between increased energy demands, increasing scarcity of water, and environmental priorities. Saline blowdown waters can be used for the irrigation of salt tolerant crops, albeit with some reduction in yields. The results of experiments intended to specify these yield reductions are reported. If such irrigation is carefully managed, the soil profile can be used to store residual salts and ground water degradation will be avoided, provided that irrigation ceases before the salts are leached to the ground water. An analysis of discharge below a carefully managed irrigation project shows that the downward movement of salts below the root zone is no worse than with conventional methods of disposal. Thus, irrigation reuse with blowdown water is shown to be a viable means of saline water disposal while maintaining existing standards of ground water quality protection. Further analysis demonstrates the economic feasibility of such irrigation reuse by showing that it is significantly less costly than the evaporation pond alternative.     

COMPUTATION OF RUNOFF REDUCTION CAUSED BY FARM PONDS1

ABSTRACT: A two-parameter farm pond storage index, FPSI, was Used to adjust computed surface. runoff using the partial area runoff contribution resulting from runoff captured by farm ponds. The validity of the index method was tested by fitting a continuous accounting version of the Soil Conservation Service curve number procedure to surface runoff data from each of three watersheds, first with and then without the FPSI routine. Evapotranspiration computed with the Jensen-Haise method and rainfall were input to the model. A linear relationship was assumed between the storage index and the portion of the controlled drainage area that was contributing to runoff. Adjusting the computed runoff with the FPSI reduced the coefficient of variation of monthly measured versus computed surface runoff for each of the three watersheds. The correlation coefficients for the same comparisons were increased. The annual predicted surface runoff Was improved for 12 of the 17 station years of data tested. The farm pond storage index could be used with any surface runoff model to improve the prediction of runoff from watersheds with drainage areas greater than 1 square mile and with about 20 percent or more of the drainage area controlled by farm ponds.     

胜利油田采油废水污染现状及达标处理技术探讨

介绍了油田采油外排污水的污染现状,并对油田主要的采油污水处理技术及其在生产中的应用情况进行了调查、分析与评价。调研结果表明:油田采油污水的外排量较大,处理达标率很低,环境污染严重;目前采用的大部分采油外排污水处理技术已不能适应油田生产的需求,必须研究开发新的采油外排污水处理技术。利用氧化塘技术处理桩西联采油废水和利用生物接触氧化法处理孤岛采油废水的工程实验获得成功,废水最终达标排放。