生物油降解菌的分离鉴定及其在土壤中的降解特性

从造纸厂内废水处理池中采取活性污泥,筛选出一株能高效降解生物油的菌株EL5.对该菌株在土壤中对生物油降解能力进行了初步研究;建立了基于CO₂生成量的生物降解测定方法,并运用该方法,对生物油生物降解性能进行了评定.结果表明:①通过富集培养方法分离得到菌株EL5,根据形态特征以及生理化特性分析,将EL5鉴定为杂色曲霉菌(Aspergill versicoir).②菌株EL5对5种常见抗生素敏感.③菌株EL5在降解生物油的过程中,生物降解率与温度呈正相关关系.考虑到实际应用情况,选择30 ℃为适宜降解温度.pH为中性条件下对生物油的降解较为有利.随着w(生物油)的增加生物降解率有一定的下降,但相同条件下,加菌后30 ℃下10 d对w(生物油)为1 200 mg/kg的土壤的生物降解率达40%,而未加菌的生物降解率只有6%.④菌株EL5还可以以苯、对氯苯酚、甲苯和二甲苯等芳香类化合物作为唯一碳源生长繁殖.      

免水生物降解型生态厕所专用菌剂

针对免水生物降解型生态厕所专用的进口菌种成本偏高、不能长期高效运行等现状,从土壤中分离筛选得到6株降解菌并将其培养成1组复合菌,然后分别进行降解实验。结果表明,7组实验菌对人体排泄物降解效果良好,其中复合菌种更好,COD降解率达到59%。对实验菌种进行初步鉴定,显示6株菌分别是粪肠球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、产氨棒杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和活动肉杆菌。优选的专用菌剂的制备及保存方法效果良好,保存半年后菌剂仍有较高活性。     

废水中苯胺的好氧共代谢降解实验研究

微生物共代谢是废水中难降解性有机物生物降解的重要方式.比较了在以苯胺溶液作为惟一碳源与能源和有共代谢底物存在下苯胺的降解过程.结果表明,共代谢显著地提高了苯胺的降解率,在32℃恒温条件下、利用葡萄糖作生长基质、且与苯胺的质量比为1:6、72 h后,苯胺的降解率最高可达75.6%.再加人蛋白胨做氮源后,苯胺的降解率可提高到82.9%,COD的去除率达55.4%.     

镍、铬对活性污泥真实产率的影响

采用两个直流完全混合式反应器,研究了Ni(Ⅱ) 、Cr(Ⅵ) 对好氧活性污泥真实产率系数(YH)、COD去除率、MLSS和污泥呼吸作用的影响.结果表明,当Ni(Ⅱ) 、Cr(Ⅵ) 为3 mg/L时,YH(MMLSS/MCOD)从无重金属的0.388分别升高到Ni(Ⅱ) 的0.427和Cr(Ⅵ) 的0.408;COD的去除率不受影响,MLSS增加了7.5%;污泥呼吸作用增强了5%.随着Ni(Ⅱ) 、Cr(Ⅵ) 浓度的进一步增加,YH、COD去除率、MLSS和呼吸作用都迅速下降.当Ni(Ⅱ) 、Cr(Ⅵ) 为15 mg/L时,YH(MMLSS/MCOD)分别为0.289和0.218;而Ni(Ⅱ) 、Cr(Ⅵ) 为25 mg/L时,对污泥呼吸的抑制作用分别达43%和60%.总体来看,Cr(Ⅵ) 比Ni(Ⅱ) 对系统的毒性更大.     

Anaerobic nonylphenol ethoxylate degradation coupled to nitrate reduction in a modified biodegradability batch test

The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor on the biodegradation of NPEO. We have characterized the products of NPEO degradation by mixed microbial communities in anaerobic batch tests by means of HPLC, ¹H NMR and GC–MS. Anaerobic degradation of NPEO was strictly dependent on the presence of nitrate. Within seven days of anoxic incubation, NP2EO appeared as the major degradation product. After 21 days, NP was the main species detected, and was not degraded further even after 35 days. Nitrate concentration decreased in parallel with NPEO de-ethoxylation. A transient accumulation of nitrite was observed within the time period in which NP formation reached its maximum production. The observed generation of nonylphenol coupled to nitrate reduction suggests that the microbial consortium possessed an alternate pathway for the degradation of NPEO, which was not accessible under aerobic conditions.     

利用发光细菌测试方法评价菲和芘生物降解过程的毒性变化

将发光细菌毒性测试方法应用于典型多环芳烃生物降解过程的毒性评价,研究了菲和芘单独及混合状态下生物降解过程中的毒性变化。结果表明:溶解态的菲和芘在一定浓度范围内对发光细菌均具有毒性,菲和芘对发光细菌的10 min-EC50值分别为1.61×10-5mol·L-1和2.31×10-6mol·L-1。单组分和混合组分的菲和芘经过微生物降解后,其毒性显著降低。混合组分生物降解体系中由于菲和芘分子之间的互相作用,使其对发光细菌的毒性效应与其单独存在时有差异。生物降解的各阶段,混合组分降解体系的毒性均大于单组分菲或芘降解体系的毒性,且在降解完全的后期,培养液的毒性有增加的趋势。这与菲和芘降解中间产物的积累变化有关。     

Controlling microbiological interfacial behaviors of hydrophobic organic compounds by surfactants in biodegradation process

Bioremediation of hydrophobic organic compounds （HOCs） contanlinated soils involves several physicochemical and microbiological interracial processes among the soil-water-microorganism interfaces. The participation of surfactants facilitates the mass transport of HOCs in both the physicochemical and microbiological interfaces by reducing the interfacial tension. The effects and underlying mechanisms of surfactants on the physi-cochemical desorption of soil-sorbed HOCs have been widely studied. This paper reviewed the progress made in understanding the effects of surfactant on microbiological interlhcial transport of HOCs and the underlying mechanisms, which is vital for a better understanding and control of the mass transfer of HOCs in the biodegradation process. In summary, surfactants affect the microbiological interfacial behaviors of HOCs during three consecutive processes： the soil solution-microorganism sorption, the transmembrane process, and the intracellular metabolism. Surfactant could promote cell sorption of HOCs depending on the compatibility of surfactant hydrophile hydrophilic balance （HLB） with cell surface properties; while the dose ratio between surfactant and biologic mass （membrane lipids） determined the transmembrane processes. Although surfactants cannot easily directly affect the intracellular enzymatic metabolism of HOCs due to the steric hindrace, the presence of surfactants can indirectly enhanced the metabolism by increasing the substrate concentrations.     

Biodegradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane by two species of Bacillus isolated from contaminated soil

Biodegradation of α, β, γ and δ hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers was studied in broth medium and soil microcosm by Bacillus circulans and Bacillus brevis isolated from contaminated soil. Degradation of α and γ isomers by both the bacterial isolates was higher than thermodynamically stable β and δ isomers. However, B. circulans was found more effective than B. brevis for β and δ isomers. Maximum rate of degradation was recorded at 150 mg/L followed by 100 and 50 mg/L. Soil microcosm study revealed maximum degradation of HCH isomers in the treatment containing natural soil, pesticide and bacterial inocula than the treatment having sterilised soil, pesticide and bacterial isolates. Chloride release was positively co-related with HCH degradation in broth medium as well as in soil microcosm, suggesting that B. circulans and B. brevis hold promising potential by having efficient enzyme(s) required for dechlorination of HCH from contaminated sites.     

微生物降解苯酚废水的特性研究

通过对驯化微生物处理苯酚模拟废水的研究,考察了苯酚初始浓度、菌种投加量、葡萄糖添加量、废水pH值、反应温度等因素对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明,当苯酚浓度大于500mg/L时开始表现出对微生物的抑制作用,浓度高于700mg/L以后微生物降解效果不理想;当苯酚浓度为500mg/L时,微生物接种量大于400mg/L可获得最大降解速率;适量添加葡萄糖可促进微生物对苯酚的降解,但浓度超过0.2g/L以后由于底物竞争会对苯酚的降解形成抑制;生物降解苯酚的适宜pH值和温度范围分别为5.5～6.5和30～35℃.     

反硝化苯降解的微环境研究

以稻田土,田边土和活性污泥为接种物,进行微环境试验,评价苯在厌氧反硝化条件下的可生物降解性。结果表明:苯和甲苯均发生了生物降解,甲苯的存在促进苯的降解,生物降解的同时发生硝酸盐还原,苯与硝酸根的消耗量之比为1∶2￣1∶3(质量比)。适宜的微生物种群是降解的关键条件。