ABR耦合CSTR一体化工艺好氧颗粒污泥亚硝化性能调控及稳态研究

本研究将厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)末端两隔室分别改为曝气池与沉淀池,使其成为厌氧耦合好氧一体化工艺,探索连续流条件下好氧颗粒污泥亚硝化实现条件.分别在厌氧区和好氧区接种厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧颗粒污泥,控制好氧区沉淀时间为1 h,好氧区C/N比由1逐渐降低至0.4,并逐步提高进水氨氮容积负荷[由0.89 kg·(m3·d)-1提高至2.23 kg·(m3·d)-1].经45 d的运行,在好氧区成功培养出成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥,其外观呈黄色,结构密实、边缘清晰,出水亚硝酸盐积累率稳定在80%左右.游离氨(FA)和游离亚硝酸(FNA)共同抑制作用是实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累的关键因素.运行初期部分好氧颗粒污泥出现解体现象,好氧区产生大量絮体;但后期絮体逐步转化为小粒径颗粒污泥,表明一定数量的有机碳源有利于絮体颗粒化,而大量富集慢速生长的硝化细菌对颗粒的稳定维持起重要作用.     

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs(TOVOCs) from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg(330 mg/wet kg). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one "peak emission window" with maximums at days 1–8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of "peak emission window" was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.     

实际生活污水快速培养好氧颗粒污泥的方法研究

采用序批式活性污泥法(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR),通过接种絮状污泥研究逐级改变进水组成(配水与实际生活污水的比例)实现好氧颗粒污泥快速培养,同时考查了好氧颗粒污泥培养过程中颗粒污泥的物理性质及对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:在好氧颗粒污泥培养初期通过添加营养物质并逐渐增加实际生活污水的比例可以实现好氧颗粒污泥的快速培养,与完全用配水培养的好氧颗粒污泥基本相似,且培养出的好氧颗粒污泥结构密实,湿密度为1.046 g/cm3,比重为1.025,平均沉降速度为38.67 m/h,粒径在1 mm左右,颜色为黄褐色;同时培养的颗粒污泥对污染物有较好的处理效果,COD、NH+4-N的去除率分别高达85%、90%。培养初期在实际生活污水中通过添加营养物质能够诱导好氧颗粒污泥形成,实现好氧颗粒污泥的快速培养。     

基于不同接种污泥复合型厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动特征

为获得快速启动厌氧氨氧化的最佳污泥源及厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的快速形成工艺,采用本实验室自主研发复合型CAMBR反应器(厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)+膜生物反应器(MBR),分别接种厌氧颗粒污泥(R1)和絮状反硝化污泥(R2),考察不同接种污泥的厌氧氨氧化启动特征和颗粒化程度.结果表明,R1与R2反应器分别耗时45 d和60 d均成功快速启动厌氧氨氧化,其启动过程均可分为活性停滞期、活性提高期、活性稳定期3个阶段,但每个阶段氮素的去除规律略有不同,稳定运行期内,R1和R2反应器内NH_4~+-N和NO-2-N的平均去除率均高达95%以上;此外,R1反应器中形成了直径0.8~1.6mm为主的厌氧氨氧化红色颗粒污泥,R2反应器则以不规则块状和絮状为主,颗粒化程度较低,两个反应器内均可观察到红色颗粒污泥上浮现象;稳定运行期内NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N和NO_3~--N之间的定量关系分析表明:R1反应器内可能存在着硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化,致使NH_4~+-N过量转化,R2反应器内则为典型亚硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化.     

Characterization of Aerobic Bacteria Involved in Degrading Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-3400 Obtained by Plating and Enrichment Culture Techniques

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3400-degrading aerobic bacteria were isolated from tap water and wetland sediments and then characterized. Only one Sphingomonas strain was obtained in enrichment cultures from each inoculum source whereas a total of 15 bacterial strains were isolated on agar plates. Nine of the 15 isolates were confirmed as PEG 3400 degraders. Three of the 9 PEG 3400 degraders were Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and genus Sphingomonas. The remaining six isolates were Gram-positive bacteria belonging to genera Rhodococcus, Williamsia, Mycobacterium and Bacillus. PEG 3400 was quantified at 194 nm spectrophotometrically and, at the same time, the growth of two Gram-negative (isolates P1 and P7) and five Gram-positive (isolates P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6) PEG 3400-degrading bacteria were assayed in liquid media and on agar plates amended with PEG 3400, and also on Nutrient Agar plates and pure agar plates without PEG 3400 addition. No growth was observed on the pure agar plates for all the tested strains for a period of 31 days. All tested PEG 3400 degraders showed much lower viability in liquid culture than on the corresponding agar plates in the presence of PEG 3400. Two Gram-negative isolates P1 and P7 did not show significant growth advantage over the Gram-positive isolates both on the agar plates and in the liquid medium amended with PEG 3400. Our results suggest that diversity of PEG degrading bacteria is high in the environments and culturing techniques affect the successful isolation of the bacteria responsible for degradation.     

上流式厌氧氨氧化反应器氮负荷提升过程中的运行性状

接种厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation,ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥至上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket,UASB),并控制进水NO_3~--N/NO_2~--N质量比为1∶1。在(33±1)℃下,通过研究不同进水总氮质量浓度(200 mg/L、400mg/L、600 mg/L)和水力停留时间(12 h、8 h、6 h、4 h)下的脱氮效能、污泥形态及微生物群落结构,多维分析上流式ANAMMOX反应器氮负荷提升过程中的运行性状。结果表明,在进水NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N质量浓度均为200 mg/L、总氮质量浓度为400 mg/L、水力停留时间为6h的运行工况下反应器可获得最佳处理效能,NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和总氮去除负荷分别达到0.76 kg N/(m3·d)、0.75 kg N/(m3·d)和1.32kg N/(m3·d),三者去除率分别为95.0%、93.8%和82.5%。氮负荷提升过程中的污泥形态和微生物群落结构动态变化显示,相较于水力停留时间的缩短,进水总氮质量浓度增加对上流式ANAMMOX反应器运行过程的影响更为显著,其不仅导致了颗粒污泥解聚,还显著降低了微生物种群的多样性和均匀度。核酸测序结果表明,反应器中分布着3种潜在的ANAMMOX优势功能菌,且三者丰度会随进水总氮质量浓度增加而发生明显演替。研究表明,在上流式ANAMMOX反应器氮负荷提升过程中,进水总氮浓度的控制更为关键。     

同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮过程条件研究

具有同步硝化与反硝化功能的好氧颗粒污泥适合好氧与厌氧微生物生长代谢。反应液中氨氮浓度为201mg／L时，在6h反应周期内氨完全被氧化，出水中检测不到NO2^-—N，仅残留2mg／L的NO3^-—N。颗粒污泥优化的反应条件为：温度25～38℃；pH7～8；溶解氧浓度1～2mg／L。好氧颗粒污泥对COD和氨氮的亲和常数分别为100mg／L和2mg／L。     

ASBR反应器快速启动的研究

研究了ASBR反应器快速启动的条件 ,结果表明 :用蔗糖水为基质 ,以未经驯化的厌氧消化泥接种 ,采用添加颗粒状活性炭、尽快降低HRT和增加OLR的方法 ,仅需 6 8d即可完成污泥的颗粒化 ,负荷高达 6kg/m3·d ,CODCr(s)去除率达 95 % ,出水VFA浓度稳定在 2 0 0mg/L ,SRT大于 10d。     

过滤—厌氧—好氧工艺处理酒精废水

介绍了酒精废水的高效低耗处理工艺，即首先用转鼓滤机去除60％左右的悬浮物并回收作粗饲料；其次，借助原水高温特点，用完全混合式高温厌氧池使废水充分消化；再次，用沉淀池和气浮池实现废水和厌氧污泥的完全分离，使废水的COD降解了92％－94％；最后为好氧处理工段，整个工艺对COD和SS的去除率分别高达99％和99．8％，不仅处理率高，而且能耗很低，还可以回收粗饲料和沼气能源。     

新型生物处理化粪池

介绍了新型生物处理化粪池的设计原理，选用方法及特点，提出了工程实施中应注意的几个问题。