好氧颗粒污泥的研究进展

污泥颗粒化(granulation)是指废水生物处理系统中的微生物在适当的环境条件下,相互聚集形成一种密度较大、体积较大、体质条件较好的微生物聚集体.按照微生物代谢过程中电子受体的不同,颗粒污泥可分为好氧颗粒污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥两类.目前对污泥颗粒化的研究主要集中在两个方面:一方面是从宏观层面探讨颗粒化的形成模式,优化运行参数以达到更好的颗粒化效果;另一方面是从微观层面去研究颗粒化的机理、微生物菌群及其他化学成分在颗粒化过程中所起的作用.本文综述了好氧颗粒污泥近年来的研究进展.主要包括:好氧颗粒污泥的性质(形态及粒径、沉降性能、密度与强度、生物活性、细胞表面疏水性、胞外多聚物等)及结构,颗粒污泥的培养条件、形成机理及影响因素(有机负荷、基质成分、剪切力、沉淀时间、运行周期、进水模式、微生物饥饿期、反应器结构、溶解氧、温度等),以及颗粒污泥的应用(工业废水处理、城市污水处理、有毒污染物降解、脱氮除磷、重金属及放射性核素的去除等).此外,还介绍了全自养颗粒污泥,如硝化颗粒污泥方面的研究.分析表明,随着对好氧颗粒污泥研究的不断深入,将好氧颗粒污泥应用于实际废水处理得到越来越多的关注.好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理、颗粒污泥的微生物特性、颗粒污泥的长期运行稳定性及其工业化应用是今后需要重点关注的研究方向.     

Characterization of Aerobic Bacteria Involved in Degrading Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-3400 Obtained by Plating and Enrichment Culture Techniques

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3400-degrading aerobic bacteria were isolated from tap water and wetland sediments and then characterized. Only one Sphingomonas strain was obtained in enrichment cultures from each inoculum source whereas a total of 15 bacterial strains were isolated on agar plates. Nine of the 15 isolates were confirmed as PEG 3400 degraders. Three of the 9 PEG 3400 degraders were Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and genus Sphingomonas. The remaining six isolates were Gram-positive bacteria belonging to genera Rhodococcus, Williamsia, Mycobacterium and Bacillus. PEG 3400 was quantified at 194 nm spectrophotometrically and, at the same time, the growth of two Gram-negative (isolates P1 and P7) and five Gram-positive (isolates P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6) PEG 3400-degrading bacteria were assayed in liquid media and on agar plates amended with PEG 3400, and also on Nutrient Agar plates and pure agar plates without PEG 3400 addition. No growth was observed on the pure agar plates for all the tested strains for a period of 31 days. All tested PEG 3400 degraders showed much lower viability in liquid culture than on the corresponding agar plates in the presence of PEG 3400. Two Gram-negative isolates P1 and P7 did not show significant growth advantage over the Gram-positive isolates both on the agar plates and in the liquid medium amended with PEG 3400. Our results suggest that diversity of PEG degrading bacteria is high in the environments and culturing techniques affect the successful isolation of the bacteria responsible for degradation.     

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs(TOVOCs) from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg(330 mg/wet kg). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one "peak emission window" with maximums at days 1–8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of "peak emission window" was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.     

Influence of hydraulic retention time on behavior of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in aerobic granular reactor treating biogas slurry

Longer HRT can enhance degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole in granular reactor. Longer HRT can reduce accumulated concentrations of TCs and QNs in sludge. Longer HRT may have increased relative abundances of ARGs in aerobic granules. The behavior of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance genes in aerobic granular reactors for treating biogas slurry under different hydraulic retention times (10.7 h, R1; 8 h, R2) was investigated in this study. The results indicated that the hydraulic retention time could affect the effluent concentrations and removal efficiencies of sulfonamides. The average removal rates of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides were 63%, 46%, and 90% in R1, and 62%, 46%, and 86% in R2, respectively. Although the removal efficiencies of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones were similar in both reactors, the respective accumulated concentrations of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in R1 were 7.00 and 11.15 µg/g SS, which were lower than those in R2 (8.92 and 13.37 µg/g SS, respectively). The difference in the relative abundance of target antibiotic resistance genes between both reactors was not significant, yet the average relative abundances of all target resistance genes in R1 were higher than those in R2 after 45 days of operation. The results of this study suggested that a longer hydraulic retention time could enhance the antibiotic removal ability of aerobic granular sludge, yet it may also increase the risk of surplus sludge utilization from a resistance genes point of view.     

SBR中好氧颗粒污泥的培养

采用竖式SBR作为反应器,利用城市污水处理厂剩余污泥作为接种污泥,通过不间断运行培养出好氧颗粒污泥。实验结果表明,采用非限量曝气模式好氧颗粒污泥降解模拟污水的效果较好,其COD去除率可达98％以上。曝气量对好氧颗粒污泥的形成和稳定具有重要影响,当气速为26．5m／h时,好氧颗粒污泥的性状和处理有机废水效果最佳。同时好氧颗粒污泥对pH值的变化不明显,当pH为5—8范围内,其COD去除率都可达到85％以上。但是未经驯化的好氧颗粒污泥对对硝基苯酚和对氯苯酚两种芳香类有机物较敏感,而对硝基苯酚对其毒性更大。当对硝基苯酚和。对氯苯酚浓度为10mg／L时,其COD去除率仅为42．5％和52％。     

好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响因素及其应用

结合近年来国内外学者关于好氧污泥颗粒化的研究成果,对影响好氧污泥颗粒化的影响因素进行了较为深入系统的分析,提出了适宜的运行控制条件及所需注意的问题。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响因素研究

本文研究了好氧颗粒污泥系统中,温度、pH、曝气强度、邻苯二酸(Phthalic Acid,PA)及氨氮(NH3-N)对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthahte,DMP)降解效果的影响,结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥降解DMP的最佳温度、最佳PH值范围、最佳曝气强度分别为25℃～45℃、7.0 ～9.0、1.38 cm/s.当PA浓度为100 mg/L、300 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起促进作用;当PA浓度为500 mg/L、800 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起抑制作用.进水中50 mg/L的氨氮浓度对DMP降解的影响不大.本研究中采用的19种运行工况条件中,除曝气强度为0.33 cm/s以外,其他18种运行工况条件下,当运行时间达到300 min时,DMP的浓度都小于1.0 mg/L,因此,当水力停留时间达到5h以上时,温度、pH、PA、氨氮对DMP降解速率的影响基本上可以忽略不计.     

城市污水厂污泥好氧处理可行性研究

针对上海城市污水厂污泥出路问题，进行了污泥好氧消化处理试验，并结合实际情况探讨了该技术在部分污水厂应用的经济技术可行性。     

庆大霉素-金霉素混合制药废水处理中试研究

运用厌氧-好氧-复配混凝技术进行了庆大霉素、金霉素混合制药废水处理中试研究,中试规模为日处理废水10~12t。在中试稳定运行时,进水的COD平均浓度为14218mg/L,出水的COD平均浓度低于制药行业排放标准(300mg/L)。      

高塔熔体造粒生产硝基复合肥工艺危险性分析

针对多起硝酸铵燃爆事故进行了调研,在此基础上对高塔熔体造粒生产硝基复合肥工艺的危险因素进行了分析,并且对此工艺涉及的物料进行了热危险性实验研究;根据调研、分析、研究的结果,提出了保障高塔熔体造粒生产硝基复合肥工艺安全生产的改造建议和生产控制参数。