低氧条件下同时硝化和反硝化机理初探

采用人工配水 ,对低氧条件下完全混合系统中氮的去除进行了研究。实验结果表明 ,在低氧条件下 (DO为 0 .3～0 .8mg/L )完全混合系统的同时硝化和反硝化具有一定的可行性。在泥龄为 45 d,C/N比为 10∶ 1,F/M为 0 .1g CODCr/(g ML SS·d)条件下 ,总氮的去除率达 66.7%。经分析 ,本实验发生的硝化反应仍然是自养硝化菌的好氧硝化 ,同时硝化和反硝化现象应归因于微环境理论     

利用活性污泥制造活性炭的研究

论述了利用在活性污泥法处理废水过程中产生的好氧污泥和厌氧污泥制造活性炭的过程,选择出最佳的制作条件,并进一步测试了产品的性能。实验结果表明,利用剩余活性污泥制造活发现灰这一方法是可行的,并且在最佳条件下制成的活性炭的吸附性能比较令人满意。     

鼠李糖脂对铜绿假单胞菌降解颗粒有机质的影响

通过好氧降解实验研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对1株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa)降解颗粒有机质的影响,着重探讨了其作用方式,并与TritonX-100和SDS等2种化学表面活性剂作了对比.结果表明,浓度高于临界胶束浓度的鼠李糖脂在基质表面的等温吸附呈线性规律.鼠李糖脂在基质和微生物表面的吸附使菌体在基质表面的吸附性能减弱.鼠李糖脂和2种化学表面活性剂的物化作用使基质水分得以较长时间地保持,并加强了有机质在基质液相中的分散.在鼠李糖脂的作用下,有机质的降解从颗粒表面转移到液相,降解方式发生了改变.通过以上作用,鼠李糖脂促进了微生物的生长和有机质的降解.SDS和TritonX-100对有机质颗粒的降解也产生了一定的促进作用.     

Laboratory evidence of MTBE biodegradation in Borden aquifer material

Mainly due to intrinsic biodegradation, monitored natural attenuation can be an effective and inexpensive remediation strategy at petroleum release sites. However, gasoline additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) can jeopardize this strategy because these compounds often degrade, if at all, at a slower rate than the collectively benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylene (BTEX) compounds. Investigation of whether a compound degrades under certain conditions, and at what rate, is therefore important to the assessment of the intrinsic remediation potential of aquifers. A natural gradient experiment with dissolved MTBE-containing gasoline in the shallow, aerobic sand aquifer at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden (Ontario, Canada) from 1988 to 1996 suggested that biodegradation was the main cause of attenuation for MTBE within the aquifer. This laboratory study demonstrates biologically catalyzed MTBE degradation in Borden aquifer-like environments, and so supports the idea that attenuation due to biodegradation may have occurred in the natural gradient experiment. In an experiment with batch microcosms of aquifer material, three of the microcosms ultimately degraded MTBE to below detection, although this required more than 189 days (or >300 days in one case). Failure to detect the daughter product tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in the field and the batch experiments could be because TBA was more readily degradable than MTBE under Borden conditions.     

采用热重方法分析不同含盐条件下的好氧颗粒特性

采用热重分析方法对不同含盐条件下形成的好氧颗粒污泥进行分析.结果表明,含盐量为1%(质量分数)(反应器R1)、2.5%( R2)、5%( R3)条件下所形成的颗粒污泥,在105℃之前损失的结合水的质量分数分别为4.48%、3.72%、3.25%.这表明,含盐量的提高降低了颗粒污泥中强物理结合的水分含量.3个反应器的VSS与灰分质量之比分别为2.71、1.15、1.05,表明随着含盐量的增加,微生物的活性下降.3个反应器吸收峰峰值温度R1﹥R2﹥R3,表明R1中的物质最为复杂,同时DTA曲线的复杂程度显示R1的颗粒污泥物质最丰富;由此推断,随着含盐量的增加,微生物代谢产物复杂程度减小.因此,热重分析法能够很好的描述好氧颗粒污泥的结合水、生物活性、微生物代谢产物、密实度等特性,是一种很有潜力的分析方法.     

Effect of ultrasonication and Fenton oxidation on biodegradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in wastewater sludge

The presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites, i.e. 2-ethylhexanol, 2-ethylhexanal, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid in wastewater sludge (WWS) were investigated during aerobic digestion and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based fermentation of WWS. Ultrasonication and Fenton oxidation pre-treatment was applied to improve biodegradability of WWS and bioavailability of the target compounds for digestion and fermentation. DEHP and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were observed at higher concentration, meanwhile 2-ethylhexanol and 2-ethylhexanal were observed at lower concentration in WWS. After 20-day aerobic digestion, DEHP removal was 72%, 89%, and 85%, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid removal was 71%, 84%, 79%, respectively for raw, ultrasonicated, and Fenton-oxidized sludges. Bt was found to degrade DEHP, leading to DEHP removal of 21%, 40%, and 30%, respectively for raw, ultrasonicated, and Fenton-oxidized sludges in the fermentation. The results suggested that aerobic stabilization and Bt-based fermentation can remove the phthalates, and pre-treatment of WWS was also effective in improvement of DEHP biodegradation. Hence, Bt-based biopesticide production from WWS can be applied safely when taking into consideration the phthalate contaminants.     

Kinetics of the biodegradation pathway of endosulfan in the aerobic and anaerobic environments

The enriched mixed culture aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from agricultural soils were used to study the degradation of endosulfan (ES) in aqueous and soil slurry environments. The extent of biodegradation was ∼95% in aqueous and ∼65% in soil slurry during 15 d in aerobic studies and, ∼80% in aqueous and ∼60% in soil slurry during 60 d in anaerobic studies. The pathways of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of ES were modeled using combination of Monod no growth model and first order kinetics. The rate of biodegradation of β-isomer was faster compared to α-isomer. Conversion of ES to endosulfan sulfate (ESS) and endosulfan diol (ESD) were the rate limiting steps in aerobic medium and, the hydrolysis of ES to ESD was the rate limiting step in anaerobic medium. The mass balance indicated further degradation of endosulfan ether (ESE) and endosulfan lactone (ESL), but no end-products were identified. In the soil slurries, the rates of degradation of sorbed contaminants were slower. As a result, net rate of degradation reduced, increasing the persistence of the compounds. The soil phase degradation rate of β-isomer was slowed down more compared with α-isomer, which was attributed to its higher partition coefficient on the soil.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Fe3O4对含盐废水厌氧处理系统的影响

通过在固定的水力停留时间下(24h)逐步提升盐度,并设置有无Fe₃O₄的平行反应器作对照,考察不同盐度水平下Fe₃O₄对厌氧系统运行效能和厌氧污泥颗粒化进程的影响.结果表明,在0～2%的NaCl盐度水平下,Fe₃O₄的加入均能有效提升厌氧系统的处理效率并保证其稳定进行.Fe₃O₄对产甲烷过程的促进作用在不同盐度水平下有所差异,当盐度分别为0,0.5%,1%,2%时,实验组的甲烷产量分别为对照组的1.08,1.36,1.33和1.17倍,低盐环境下的促进效果更为显著.污泥特性和胞外聚合物的分析结果发现,Fe₃O₄的引入有利于形成结构更为紧密的厌氧颗粒污泥,进而强化厌氧污泥颗粒化进程.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,随着盐度提升,氢型产甲烷菌得以快速富集,同时主要细菌类型和代谢途径均发生了改变.而Fe₃O₄对厌氧系统中微生物菌群结构和...     

水解酸化-好氧氧化-化学氧化-吸附工艺处理印染废水

对印染废水采用水解酸化-好氧氧化-化学氧化-吸附等进行连续处理。结果表明,该处理工艺具有废水处理效果好、出水水质稳定(出水水质达GB4287-92中的一级标准)、操作管理方便等优点,是处理印染废水的有效方法之一。