Monitoring biofouling based on aerobic respiration in reverse osmosis system

A monitoring method of biofouling in reverse osmosis (RO) system was proposed based on the fluorescent signal of resorufin, which is reduced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide released from viable cells during aerobic respiration. The fluorescent signal of resorufin reduced by planktonic cells and microorganisms of biofilm showed linearity, indicating its feasibility to monitor biofouling in a RO system. For the application of the method to the lab-scale RO system, the injection concentration of resazurin and the injection flow rate were optimized. Biofilm on RO membranes continuously operated in a lab-scale RO system was estimated by resorufin fluorescence under optimized detection condition. As a result, resorufin fluorescence on RO membrane showed a significant increase in which the permeability of RO system decreased by 30.48%. Moreover, it represented the development of biofilm as much as conventional biofilm parameters such as adenosine triphosphate, extracellular polymeric substances, and biofilm thickness. The proposed method could be used as a sensitive and low-cost technology to monitor biofouling without autopsy of membranes.     

浅议污水处理厂的节能

系统地介绍并分析了污水处理厂流程中各个处理构筑的能耗情况,并针对各个构筑物提出有效的节能途径。指出了常用的污水好氧处理能耗过高的突出问题,建议改用能耗低造价低的好氧过滤等处理方法。污水再生利用也是解决污水处理能耗高的途径之一。     

回用蒸煮黑液、实现达标排放

精制棉生产时产生的蒸煮黑液中含有大量的棉超短绒、果胶、油脂、棉蜡、木糖等,色度大于2000倍,CODCr质量浓度高达6000mg/L以上,生化性差,难处理。若将蒸煮黑液预处理,高浓度回收利用,低浓度与洗涤废水混合经厌氧、好氧、混凝处理后,不但出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,而且大大降低了投资和运行费用。     

酸化污泥膨润土颗粒对染料活性翠蓝的脱色研究

以污泥和膨润土为原料,硫酸为酸化剂制备了酸化污泥膨润土颗粒.对制得的样品进行了比表面积和SEM等表征,并用于染料活性翠蓝的脱色.考察了pH值、投加量、反应时间和反应温度的影响,并进行了方程的拟合,计算了热力学参数(ΔH⁰、ΔS⁰、ΔG)和吸附活化能E_a.结果表明,酸化污泥膨润土颗粒对活性翠蓝的吸附量随温度和初始浓度的增加而增大,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型,其吸附动力学更适于伪二级动力学方程所述规律,吸附速率大小为313　K>303　K>293　K;吸附活化能较低,为5.52 kJ·mol^-1,说明吸附过程以物理吸附为主.同时ΔH⁰>TΔS⁰和ΔG>0表明整个吸附过程活化焓的影响大于活化熵,且属于非自发反应.     

有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响研究

研究了进水有机负荷对颗粒化SBR反应器的影响.当进水有机负荷由1.8 kg /(m³·d)逐步下降到1.575、 1.125和0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,好氧颗粒污泥形态特征发生了明显的变化,包括颗粒解体,污泥流失,颗粒化程度和整体沉降性能的下降,颗粒形状由较规则的球状变为杆状、星状等多种形状,颜色加深等.好氧颗粒污泥系统对COD和TP的去除率分别为90%和70%左右,且进水有机负荷的降低,对其影响较小,但会严重影响同步硝化反硝化的进行,当有机负荷由1.8 kg/(m³·d)下降到0.67 kg/(m³·d)时,硝化率下降了约45%,反硝化率下降了约40%.     

异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥培养条件研究

以具有好氧反硝化功能的异养硝化菌剂作初始接种物,粉末状活性炭对该菌剂进行预固定,批次进水的方式培养出了异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥,研究了颗粒污泥的培养条件.结果表明,有机负荷、进水水质、曝气量和沉降时间都对异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥的形成发育起着重要作用.模拟废水和猪场废水都可以培养出异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥.在COD负荷4.0 g·(L·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷0.212 g·(L·d)~(-1),曝气量为200 L·h~(-1),沉降时间为2.0～4.0 min条件下可形成颗粒污泥.采用葡萄糖为碳源的模拟废水培养颗粒污泥容易引起丝状菌的增殖,导致颗粒污泥沉降性能变差和脱氮功能减退.采用猪场配水能够将丝状菌有效地淘汰出反应器,恢复颗粒污泥沉降性能和脱氮功能,并促进颗粒污泥发育成熟.成熟的颗粒污泥性状稳定,当COD负荷为6.6～8.6 g·(L·d)~(-1),总氮负荷为0.409～0.474 g·(L·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.285～0.304 g·(L·d)~(-1)时,颗粒污泥对以葡萄糖为补充碳源的猪场废水的总氮去除率为84.75%～88.33%,氨氮去除率为99.9%以上,COD去除率为97.29%～98.62%.     

厌氧工艺在低浓度废水处理中的应用

高效厌氧反应器是应用于污水处理的一种生物处理系统,因其运行费用低、能耗少且可产生有用副产物甲烷等优点,在低浓度废水处理中逐渐成为应用研究的热点。在系统考查各种应用于低浓度废水的厌氧工艺基础上,重点介绍了上流式厌氧污泥床、厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床、厌氧流化床反应器、厌氧膜生物反应器及组合厌氧工艺在低浓度废水处理中的应用。     

不同颗粒龄的好氧颗粒污泥性能的研究

在SBR反应器中,分别以絮状活性污泥培养的好氧颗粒污泥和直接接种的已稳定运行1 a的好氧颗粒污泥为对象,对2种颗粒龄不同的颗粒污泥的形态、理化特性、对有机物降解能力以及微生物活性进行了比较研究.结果表明,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒的平均湿密度、污泥的比重和表示物理强度的完整系数(IC)分别为1.066 g.cm-3、1.013 g.cm-3和98.7%,各指标均高于大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的1.026 g.cm-3、1.010 g.cm-3和98.4%,两者的平均粒径分别为1.9 mm和2.2 mm.小颗粒龄好氧颗粒和大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的沉降速度分别为0.005～0.032 m.s-1和0.003～0.028 m.s-1,前者的SVI较低,且两体系中好氧颗粒的沉降速度均随粒径的增大而增大.两者对COD、NH4+-N的去除率都保持在90%以上和85%左右,从出水COD浓度、NH4+-N浓度和周期试验来看,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒对COD、NH4+-N的去除效果更好,两者对TP的去除率分别维持在40%～90%和32%～85%,但两者对TN的去除效果相差不大,去除率都在80%左右.同时,小颗粒龄好氧颗粒的异养菌比耗氧速率(SOURH)、亚硝酸菌比耗氧速率(SOURNH4)、硝酸菌比耗氧速率(SOURNO2)分别为26.4、14.8和11.2 mg.(h.g)-1,均大于大颗粒龄好氧颗粒的25.2、14.4和8.4 mg.(h.g)-1.综上所述,好氧颗粒污泥由于颗粒龄的不同会具有明显不同的理化性质,颗粒龄小的好氧颗粒具有更好的有机物降解能力、更高的微生物活性和更好的稳定性.     

Characterization of CANON reactor performance and microbial community shifts with elevated COD/N ratios under a continuous aeration mode

COD/N at low ratios (0–0.82) improved N removals of CANON. CANON performance decreased after COD/N up to 0.82. The relative abundance of AOB decreased continuously with increasing COD/N. AOB outcompeted at a high COD load led to CANON failure. The relative abundance of AnAOB decreased and increased with increasing COD/N. The effects of increasing COD/N on nitrogen removal performance and microbial structure were investigated in a SBR adopting a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process with a continuous aeration mode (DO at approximately 0.15–0.2 mg/L). As the COD/N increased from 0.1 to≤0.59, the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) increased from 88.7% to 95.5%; while at COD/N ratios of 0.59–0.82, the NRE remained at 90.7%–95.5%. As the COD/N increased from 0.82 to 1.07, the NRE decreased continuously until reaching 60.1%. Nitrosomonas sp. (AOB) and Candidatus Jettenia (anammox bacteria) were the main functional genera in the SBR. As the COD/N increased from 0.10 to 1.07, the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas decreased from 13.4% to 2.0%, while that of Candidatus Jettenia decreased from 35% to 9.9% with COD/N<0.82 then increased to 45.4% at a COD/N of 1.07. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria outcompeted AOB at high COD loadings (650 mg/L) because of oxygen competition, which ultimately led to deteriorated nitrogen removal performance.     

Toxic effect of sodium perfluorononyloxy-benzenesulfonate on Pseudomonas stutzeri in aerobic denitrification,cell structure and gene expression

• OBS inhibited the growth of P. stutzeri and destroyed its structure. • OBS was toxic to the aerobic denitrification process of P. stutzeri. • OBS induced the production of ROS in P. stutzeri. • OBS affected the expression of key genes involved in denitrification and SOD. The toxicities of sodium perfluorononyloxy-benzenesulfonate (OBS) to animals and plants are similar to those of perfluorooctane sulfonate. However, the mechanism of its toxicity to aerobic denitrifying bacteria is still unclear. In the present study, the ecotoxicity of OBS on an aerobic denitrifying strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri, was evaluated. The results showed that a dosage of OBS clearly affected the growth and aerobic denitrification of P. stutzeri. When compared with an unamended control, the degradation efficiency of the total nitrogen decreased by 30.13% during exposure to 200 mg/L of OBS, and the complete degradation time of nitrate-nitrogen was delayed by 4 h. The lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase produced by the bacteria increased with the concentration of OBS, and reactive oxygen species were also detected by confocal laser scanning microscope imaging. Transmission electron microscope imaging revealed chromosome deformation of the cells and damage to cell content; moreover, outer membrane vesicles were secreted from the bacteria, which was the important detoxification mechanism of P. stutzeri to OBS. Expression of the genes involved in aerobic nitrification and oxidative stress were also changed under OBS stress, which further confirmed the toxicity of OBS to P. stutzeri. This study reveals the environmental exposure risk of OBS from the perspective of microorganisms.