北京一次严重雾霾过程气溶胶光学特性与气象条件

对北京地区2013年10月2~7日一次严重雾霾过程中的气溶胶光学特性开展研究,分析了气象条件对雾霾过程的影响,并结合HYSPLIT模型分析污染物的来源.结果表明,在污染天气中气溶胶光学厚度、?ngström波长指数、细模态体积尺度谱峰值浓度远高于清洁天.10月5日雾霾最为严重,440nm波长处气溶胶光学厚度高达3.89.在雾霾发生前后,单次散射反照率日均值随波长增大而增大,而在10月5日,单次散射反照率值随波长增加先增大后减小,在675nm波长处达到最大值0.965.雾霾过程中大气气溶胶以强散射型细粒子为主,人为因素贡献较大,且受气象条件影响明显.     

埋藏深度对盐岩储气库溶腔变形的影响研究

以典型的单一溶腔盐岩地下储气库为例,采用ANSYS15.0建立了盐岩储气库计算模型,并通过ANSYS-FLAC3转换软 件将所建模型导入岩土通用计算软件FLAC3D中,最后通过FLAC3D模拟了七种不同埋藏深度情况下盐岩储气库溶腔的变形 情况。数值模拟结果为:随着埋藏深度的增加,盐岩储气库位移近似呈直线增加,盐岩储气库应力同样近似线性增加; 溶腔中上部及溶腔直径最大处位移及应力最大,溶腔变形最大。根据模拟结果,推荐类似本文所建的盐岩储气库埋藏深 度应控制在800～1 000 m为宜,才能保证其运行过程中最大位移不高于1.19 m,最大应力不高于80 MPa。尽管通过 FLAC3D模拟的盐岩地下储气库溶腔形状过于单一,与实际盐岩地下储气库具有一定距离,但是不乏代表性,同样能够为 盐岩储气库运营期间的安全稳定性提供有益的借鉴作用。     

北京2010年10月一次典型灰霾过程光学特性分析

利用探空资料、NECP再分析资料、AERONET气溶胶反演资料等分析了北京地区一次典型灰霾天气过程的成因及气溶胶光学特性参数变化情况.结果表明:此次灰霾期间,稳定的环流形势、湿润的环境及逆温结构的存在是灰霾得以持续和发展的重要原因.灰霾期间AOD、PM2.5浓度逐渐增大,能见度逐渐降低,这可能与局地气溶胶的累积和相对湿度的增大有关,使气溶胶粒子的消光性增强.气溶胶的体积谱表现为双峰型结构,细粒子体积浓度峰值远大于粗粒子浓度峰值,且细粒子浓度峰值逐日增大,Angstrom波长指数在1.2~1.4之间,两参数均可表明此次灰霾过程的污染粒子以气溶胶细粒子为主;灰霾期间SSA逐日增大,表明气溶胶粒子的散射性逐渐增强,SSA随波长的变化主要呈现两种变化趋势,这与当日主控粒子的尺度有关.因气溶胶的作用,使到达地面的辐射通量减小.这些光学特性参量的变化为了解北京地区灰霾期间气溶胶特性及其气候效应提供了参考.     

太湖中颗粒有机碳对水体固有光学特性的影响

利用2011年5期太湖现场测量数据和室内分析数据,通过建立ρ(POC)(POC为颗粒有机碳)与a_p(λ)(颗粒物吸收系数)、b_bp(510)(总颗粒物的后向散射系数)的相关关系,评价了POC对水体固有光学特性的影响. 结果表明,太湖水体ρ(POC)时空变化显著,各期样品平均值在1 558.06~5 281.09 mg/m3之间变化. ρ(POC)与a_p(λ)具有较好的相关关系,特别是在浮游植物色素强烈吸收的波段(605~700 nm),各期数据的相关系数均在0.9以上;但ρ(POC)与b_bp(510)的相关性较差(R2=0.04, P=0.02). 进一步分析ρ(POC)对颗粒物的色素部分和非色素部分的影响发现,ρ(POC)与色素颗粒物吸收系数〔a_ph(665)〕的相关性很好(R2=0.82),而与非色素颗粒物吸收系数相关性较差. ρ(NPOC)(NPOC为非有机碳颗粒物)与b_bp(510)的相关性较好(R2>0.60),说明太湖水体POC对浮游植物色素的吸光特性有重要影响,而NPOC影响了水体的后向散射特性.      

Automated indirect fluoride determination by ICP-OES using discontinuous-flow analysis

An automated method for the indirect determination of fluoride by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using discontinuous-flow analysis has been developed. A modified flow injection analysis system was used for sample preparation. The method is based on the determination of excess cerium(III) ion after precipitation of CeF₃. Separation of the precipitate is performed online on a syringe membrane filter that is cleaned each analysis cycle by 1 M nitric acid, ensuring a long life-time for the filter. As a result of the short reaction time, a detection limit of 9.5 mg L^?1 was obtained. The precision (RSD) of the proposed method is 1.02% at fluoride concentration of 28 mg L^?1. The applicability of the technique for groundwater monitoring of fluoride-contaminated area is demonstrated.     

Assessment of potentially toxic elements in Swiss chard and sediments of Akaki River,Ethiopia

For the determination of 15 potentially toxic elements (V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Sn, Hg, and Pb) in plant and sediment samples of the Akaki River, Ethiopia, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and a RA-915+ mercury analyzer were applied. Sediment and plant samples were mineralized using a closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion system. The elemental concentrations varied considerably in plant and sediment samples. The minimum concentration was observed for known toxic elements (As, Hg, and Cd) while the highest concentration was observed for the elements of relatively low toxicity Zn, Mn, and Fe. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Pb, Zn, and As in Swiss chard surpassed the maximum permissible levels at specific sites. At some of the sites, the sediment quality guidelines are surpassed for Cu, Zn, and Pb.     

沉水植物对沉积物-水界面环境特征的影响

为明确沉水植物对沉积物-水界面环境特征的影响机制,在采自于太湖草、藻型湖区的沉积物柱状样中种植沉水植物后进行破坏性采样,测定沉积物-水界面以上5 cm上覆水的营养盐含量和沉积物的含水量、中值粒径、w(TOC)、w(TON)、w(TP)、金属元素含量等的垂直分布和氧气侵蚀深度. 结果表明,种植沉水植物对沉积物-水界面环境特征的影响主要为:①显著降低了上覆水中ρ(PO₄3--P)〔草型湖区上覆水由(7.98±1.85)μg/L降至(4.65±1.16)μg/L,藻型湖区上覆水由(7.86±0.84)μg/L降至(4.89±0.48)μg/L〕和草型湖区上覆水中的ρ(DOC)〔由(6.64±0.41)mg/L降至(4.73±0.69)mg/L〕,但没有引起上覆水中ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(NO₂--N)和ρ(NH₄+-N)的显著差异;②明显提高表层沉积物的含水量,减小草型湖区沉积物表层的中值粒径;③降低草型湖区沉积物表层2 cm内w(TOC)和w(TON),增加草型湖区上层沉积物中w(TP);④明显降低草型湖区沉积物中w(Ca)和w(Mg),但对草、藻型湖区沉积物中的Al,K,Cu,Pb和Zn的含量影响都不明显;⑤藻型湖区沉积物中氧气侵蚀深度由1.6 mm增至3.0 mm,草型湖区沉积物则由3.7 mm增至24.0 mm.      

How aerosol direct effects influence the source contributions to PM2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei,China in severe winter haze episodes

The aerosol direct effects result in a 3%–9% increase in PM_2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei. These impacts are substantially different under different PM_2.5 loadings. Industrial and domestic contributions will be underestimated if ignoring the feedbacks. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area is the most air polluted region in China and the three neighborhood southern Hebei cities, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, and Handan, are listed in the top ten polluted cities with severe PM_2.5 pollution. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of aerosol direct effects on air quality over the southern Hebei cities, as well as the impacts when considering those effects on source apportionment using three dimensional air quality models. The WRF/Chem model was applied over the East Asia and northern China at 36 and 12 km horizontal grid resolutions, respectively, for the period of January 2013, with two sets of simulations with or without aerosol-meteorology feedbacks. The source contributions of power plants, industrial, domestic, transportation, and agriculture are evaluated using the Brute-Force Method (BFM) under the two simulation configurations. Our results indicate that, although the increases in PM_2.5 concentrations due to those effects over the three southern Hebei cities are only 3%–9% on montly average, they are much more significant under high PM_2.5 loadings (~50 μg·m⁻³ when PM_2.5 concentrations are higher than 400 μg m⁻³). When considering the aerosol feedbacks, the contributions of industrial and domestic sources assessed using the BFM will obviously increase (e.g., from 30%–34% to 32%–37% for industrial), especially under high PM_2.5 loadings (e.g., from 36%–44% to 43%–47% for domestic when PM_2.5>400 μg·m⁻³). Our results imply that the aerosol direct effects should not be ignored during severe pollution episodes, especially in short-term source apportionment using the BFM.     

近3年西双版纳州勐腊县大气污染基本特征及污染原因分析

对西双版纳州生态环境局勐腊分局2017年8月-2020年8月逐日空气质量数据的分析表明,2-4月是勐腊县空气质量指数（Air Quality Index,AQI）频繁达到二级及以上的时段,空气质量分指数（Individual Air Quality Index,IAQI）能够达到二级及以上标准的污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、SO₂中的一种或几种,PM_2.5、PM₁₀污染较为严重,PM_2.5对空气质量的影响最大,可使空气质量达到重度污染,混合污染出现比例远大于单一污染.2019、2020年3-4月勐腊县轻度及以上连续污染日数超过5 d的5次过程中,4次污染过程的主要潜在源区在勐腊上风方向老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻的区域,权重潜在源贡献因子（Weight Potential Source Contribution Function,WPSCF）大于0.6的区域与同年3、4月泰国西北部、老挝西北部的火点密集区有较好的对应关系,4次污染过程与老挝西北部及泰国与其相邻区域的生物质燃烧关系密切;1次污染过程的主要潜在源区主要在当地,当地建筑施工、交通运输、生物质燃烧和餐饮行业细颗粒物的排放会导致勐腊县空气质量出现明显下降.为验证勐腊县连续污染过程受到了周边国家烧荒的影响,利用逐日气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Thickness,AOT）对2020年3月23-4月9日的污染过程进行了个例分析,发现AOT大值区位于勐腊上风方向,高浓度污染物持续稳定地向勐腊传输导致勐腊出现持续重污染.     

植被覆盖度与沙尘暴形成条件分析

以归一化差值植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）为指标分析了我国1981年到1998年期间植被覆盖变化情况,给出了植被急剧减少产生新沙源的实例。通过对1998年4月强沙尘暴的分析,指出影响沙尘暴产生和运移的因素除了地形、风速、风向、大气稳定度外,当地植被覆盖和土壤因素也是关键因素之一。并通过对植被覆盖度（NDVI）与浮尘指数（Aerosol Index）进行定量分析,发现二者之间存在明显的负相关关系,表明植被的存在可以从一定程度上抑制浮尘现象的产生。因此,在沙尘运移路径上,采取封山封荒,植树种草,增加植被覆盖度以固结当地土壤和泥沙的措施,可以在一定程度上抑制沙尘暴灾害的发生。