考虑非线性吸附时溶质在有限厚度粘土中的一维扩散解

在采用非线性分段式吸附等温模式的基础上,建立了溶质在粘土中的一维扩散模型,在考虑有限厚度边界及土中溶质背景浓度的条件下得到了相应的解.模型引入了移动边界以说明当溶质在粘土孔隙水中的浓度达到某一较高值后,阻滞因子将发生显著变化.算例分析表明,该模型和考虑经典非线性吸附等温线得到的结果相差不大,这进一步说明了该模型的合理性.考虑非线性吸附效应对溶质迁移有重要影响.在较高溶质浓度下采用线性吸附等温模式会得到偏不安全的结果.该解相对较简单,并可用于验证各种数值模型、拟合试验数据等.     

不锈钢在西太平洋深海环境中腐蚀规律研究

目的 研究不锈钢在西太平洋海域深海环境中的腐蚀规律。方法 采用深海高效串型试验装置对304不锈钢和316L不锈钢在西太平洋深海环境中进行深海实海腐蚀试验,分析不锈钢的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和点蚀深度规律等,研究2种不锈钢在500、800、1 200、2 000 m海深下的腐蚀规律。结果 304不锈钢与316L不锈钢腐蚀质量损失主要由缝隙腐蚀引起,316L不锈钢的腐蚀程度总体上低于304不锈钢,304不锈钢的腐蚀速率低于0.4 mm/a,316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率低于0.25 μm/a。深海环境中,304不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要是α-Fe2O3、γ-FeOOH、γ-Fe2O3,316L不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要是α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、γ-Fe2O3。结论304不锈钢和316L不锈钢在西太深海环境中使用过程中应避免缝隙的形成,降低其发生缝隙腐蚀和点蚀的概率。     

内流激发垂直悬臂管振动失稳特性实验研究

目的 研究管道内部流速和浸没深度对细长柔性悬臂管道振动特性的影响规律。方法 通过位移传感器采集管道振动位移时程,计算管道振幅、时频特性、相位变迁和振动频率,分析内流在输流过程中所激发的管道振动失稳特性。结果 随着内流流速的增加,垂直悬臂管会经历静态、前失稳和后失稳3个不同状态。管道振幅随内流流速的增加而明显增大,但振动频率只是缓慢上升。随着管道浸没深度的增加,管道振动失稳整体减弱。结论 内流流速和浸没深度均是影响管道振动失稳特性的关键因素。     

光催化与生物膜直接耦合降解4-氟苯酚废水

为了实现4-氟苯酚（4-FP）废水的快速持续降解,本文构建了光催化与生物膜直接耦合系统.该耦合系统由N掺杂TiO₂涂覆光催化光纤束、生物膜、核孔膜和紫外-可见LED光源构成.实验研究了单独光催化、单独微藻生物膜及光催化-生物膜耦合3种体系对4-FP的降解性能.研究发现：光催化系统降解4-FP速率慢、脱氟效率低,12h内降解率为94.3%,脱氟率仅为24.7%.微藻生物膜在第一个周期内对4-FP的降解性能高于单独光催化,10h内降解率达到98.9%,脱氟率达到90.9%,但3个周期后4-FP降解率降低至75.5%,脱氟率降低至69.5%.在耦合系统中,生物膜中微生物种群发生了自适应调整,富集了大量的红球菌、假单胞菌和无色杆菌,导致了光催化、生物降解及光合作用三者亲密协作,实现了4-FP快速持续地降解,运行12个周期后,5h即可将4-FP完全降解,同时溶解有机碳及脱氟率分别达到89.4%和78.3%.     

Spatiotemporal trends of PM2.5 and its major chemical components at urban sites in Canada

To evaluate the effectiveness of emission control regulations designed for reducing air pollution, chemically resolved PM_2.5 data have been collected across Canada through the National Air Pollution Surveillance network in the past decade. 24-hr time integrated PM_2.5 collected at seven urban and two rural sites during 2010-2016 were analyzed to characterize geographical and seasonal patterns and associated potential causes. Site-specific seven-year mean gravimetric PM_2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 5.7 to 9.6 µg/m³. Seven-year mean concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were in the range of 0.68 to 1.6, 0.21 to 1.5, 0.27 to 0.71, 1.1 to 1.9, and 0.37 to 0.71 µg /m³, accounting for 10.8%-18.1%, 3.7%-16.7%, 4.7%-7.4%, 18.4%-21.0%, and 6.4%-10.6%, respectively, of gravimetric PM_2.5 mass. PM_2.5 and its five major chemical components showed higher concentrations in southeastern Canada and lower values in Atlantic Canada, with the seven-year mean ratios between the two regions being on the order of 1.7 for PM_2.5 and 1.8-7.1 for its chemical components. When comparing the concentrations between urban and rural sites within the same region, those of SO₄^2? and NH₄⁺ were comparable, while those of NO₃^?, OC, and EC were around 20%, 40%-50%, and 70%-80%, respectively, higher at urban than rural sites, indicating the regional scale impacts of SO₄^2? and NH₄⁺ and effects of local sources on OC and EC. Monthly variations generally showed summertime peaks for SO₄^2? and wintertime peaks for NO₃^?, but those of NH₄⁺, OC, and EC exhibited different seasonality at different locations.     

Impact of meteorological condition changes on air quality and particulate chemical composition during the COVID-19 lockdown

Stringent quarantine measures during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown period (January 23, 2020 to March 15, 2020) have resulted in a distinct decrease in anthropogenic source emissions in North China Plain compared to the paralleled period of 2019. Particularly, 22.7% decrease in NO₂ and 3.0% increase of O₃ was observed in Tianjin, nonlinear relationship between O₃ generation and NO₂ implied that synergetic control of NO_x and VOCs is needed. Deteriorating meteorological condition during the COVID-19 lockdown obscured the actual PM_2.5 reduction. Fireworks transport in 2020 Spring Festival (SF) triggered regional haze pollution. PM_2.5 during the COVID-19 lockdown only reduced by 5.6% in Tianjin. Here we used the dispersion coefficient to normalize the measured PM_2.5 (DN-PM_2.5), aiming to eliminate the adverse meteorological impact and roughly estimate the actual PM_2.5 reduction, which reduced by 17.7% during the COVID-19 lockdown. In terms of PM_2.5 chemical composition, significant NO₃^? increase was observed during the COVID-19 lockdown. However, as a tracer of atmospheric oxidation capacity, odd oxygen (O_x = NO₂ + O₃) was observed to reduce during the COVID-19 lockdown, whereas relative humidity (RH), specific humidity and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) were observed with noticeable enhancement. Nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) was observed to increase at higher specific humidity and ALWC, especially in the haze episode occurred during 2020SF, high air humidity and obvious nitrate generation was observed. Anomalously enhanced air humidity may response for the nitrate increase during the COVID-19 lockdown period.     

Estimation of aerosol optical depth in relation to meteorological parameters over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan economic corridor

This study finds out seasonal and monthly variations in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) over eastern and western routes of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the relationship between AOD and meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, rainfall and wind speed). The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data was used from the terra satellite for the period of 2000-2016. This study aims to overtake the conventional view of the purpose of using the satellite datasets. This study takes on to the concept that validated satellite data sets rather should be used for the analysis instead of just validation specifically for our study region. Hence, after comparing MODIS AOD with MISR AOD, only MISR AOD dataset is used for further analysis. The results show a decreasing trend of AOD in summer season, a positive relationship between temperature and AOD during winter and spring seasons whereas a positive relationship between wind speed and AOD in winter and spring seasons over eastern and western routes. Periodic analysis of MODIS AOD and MISR AOD depicts May-Aug as the peak period of aerosol concentration over central Pakistan. The inter-annual analysis shows the aerosol trend remained higher during summer season however rainfall shows the washout effect. Eastern route has higher standard deviation and larger values for aerosol prevalence as compared to western route. The trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model suggests the bias of air mass trajectory caused deviation in the aerosol trend in the year 2014.     

水质监测中的快速传感技术

传感器的发展是水质监测中的关键技术之一。以水质调查对监测技术的需求和相应传感器的发展趋势的分析为出发点,重点介绍了光纤传感器和生物传感器的原理和在水质监测中的应用,指出了快速传感技术应用的重要意义和发展前景。     

郑州地区大气气溶胶光学特性的地基遥感研究

根据自动跟踪扫描光度计观测资料,利用Bouguer-Lamber定律反演郑州地区2007年2~9月气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数,分析郑州地区该时段气溶胶光学特性的季节变化和日变化情况.结果表明,郑州地区2007年2~9月1020nm气溶胶光学厚度为0.49±0.09;870nm气溶胶光学厚度为0.60±0.13;670nm气溶胶光学厚度为0.76±0.20;440nm气溶胶光学厚度为1.08±0.34.季节变化以夏季最高,秋冬次之,春季最低.波长指数春季为0.37~0.69,夏季为1.18~1.26.春季有50%以上的天气,扬尘粒子为主控粒子,而夏季城市-工业气溶胶是主控粒子之一.日变化规律与近地面污染物浓度变化一致,8:30和17:00左右出现峰值,11:30出现谷值,由于气温上升,湍流剧烈,12:30左右气溶胶光学厚度有1个小高峰,但仍处于全天的低值区.     

TURBIDITY SUSPENI)ED SEDIMENT,AND WATER CLARITY: A REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Suspended sediment causes a range of environmental damage, including benthic smothering, irritation of fish gills, and transport of sorbed contaminants. Much of the impact, while sediment remains suspended, is related to its light attenuation, which reduces visual range in water and light availability for photosynthesis. Thus measurement of the optical attributes of suspended matter in many instances is more relevant than measurement of its mass concentration. Nephelometric turbidity, an index of light scattering by suspended particles, has been widely used as a simple, cheap, instrumental surrogate for suspended sediment, that also relates more directly than mass concentration to optical effects of suspended matter. However, turbidity is only a relative measure of scattering (versus arbitrary standards) that has no intrinsic environmental relevance until calibrated to a ‘proper’ scientific quantity. Visual clarity (measured as Secchi or black disc visibility) is a preferred optical quantity with immediate environmental relevance to aesthetics, contact recreation, and fish habitat. Contrary to common perception, visual clarity measurement is not particularly subjective and is more precise than turbidity measurement. Black disc visibility is inter‐convertible with beam attenuation, a fundamental optical quantity that can be monitored continuously by beam transmissometry. Visual clarity or beam attenuation should supplant nephelometric turbidity in many water quality applications, including environmental standards.