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191.
Carlos Navarro Florentino de Lope Anders Pape Møller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1161-1168
Homeobox genes regulate development of digits, and it has been suggested that the ratio of length of second to length of fourth
digit reflects such genetic effects in a sex-specific manner. We show that digit ratios in the sexually dichromatic house
sparrow Passer domesticus differ between sexes, with males having higher ratios than females, and that individuals produce consistent ratios on the
two feet. If Homeobox or other genes had pleiotropic effects on development of digits, behavior, and physiology of males and
females, we would expect secondary sexual characters and immunity to be related to digit ratio in a sex-specific manner. The
size of the visible part of the black badge in February (a secondary sexual character), but not total badge size, was positively
correlated with digit ratios, suggesting that males with more male-like digit ratios had larger visible badges. Because of
sex-specific effects of development on secondary sexual characters and immunity, we predicted sex-specific differences in
immune response to be related to digit ratio. House sparrows with large digit ratios had weaker T cell-mediated immune response
than individuals with small digit ratios, particularly in females, implying that females with more male-like digit ratios
had weak immune responses. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early development, as reflected by digit
ratios, and genetics affect the expression of adult characters that are supposedly strongly contributing to fitness. 相似文献
192.
193.
For addressing climate change, public support for changes in policy is needed, as well changes in individual lifestyles. Both of these appear to be intimately related with people’s worldviews. Understanding these worldviews is therefore essential. In order to research and ‘map’ them, we translated the theoretical ‘Integrative Worldview Framework’ (IWF) into an empirical, quantitative approach. We constructed a worldview-scale aiming to distinguish between four major worldviews – labeled traditional, modern, postmodern, and integrative – and explored their interface with opinions and behaviors with respect to climate change. The survey was conducted with representative samples of citizens in the Netherlands and the USA (n = 527 and n = 556). The hypothesized worldviews were found in the data with a reasonable degree of reliability, especially in the Dutch sample. We also found consistent relationships between these worldview-clusters and a range of opinions, political priorities, and behaviors. In both countries postmoderns and integratives displayed significantly more concern about climate change as well as more sustainable behaviors, compared with moderns and traditionals. The implications of these findings for environmental policy and social science are noteworthy. 相似文献
194.
Agri-environmental policies are challenging to be evaluated since they are often implemented in combination with other policies and regulations affecting agriculture. Also input and output markets affect agriculture. We provide impact assessment of agri-environmental scheme implemented in Finland 2007–2013 based on integrated economic and hydrological modelling and counterfactual scenarios. Development of crop specific fertilisation and land use changes, simulated using a multi-regional economic sector model, is included in a nutrient leaching model implemented in a typical agricultural region. Our results on agricultural production, land use, and nitrogen leaching show that the agri-environmental policy successfully mitigates nutrient leaching in intensive production regions but some mitigation potential is lost in less intensive regions. 相似文献
195.
A multiple criteria evaluation of sustainable agricultural development models using AHP 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Selection of the appropriate agricultural development model has become an important issue in Iran. Using data from Fars province
of Iran, the purpose of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for selecting between the two competing sustainable
agricultural development models, which have been developed based on the general tenets of Ecological Modernization (EM) and
De-Modernization (DM) theories. Farmers, environmentalists, board members of rural cooperative, rural women and experts from
Fars Agricultural (Jehad-e-Keshavarzi) Organization participated in application of AHP to this study. They applied AHP to
determine the priority of DM and EM based sustainable agricultural development models. Each group determined the priority
of the two models for sustainable agricultural development. The findings indicated that ecological criteria i.e. wise use
of resources, environmental protection and product quality are the most important criteria for sustainable agriculture of
Iran, followed by economic criterion employment and social criterion participation. A sensitivity analysis was carried out
to determine the critical factors that affected the priority of alternatives. The results indicated that EM-based sustainable
agricultural development model has a higher priority as the theoretical base of agricultural development of Iran.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
196.
This paper is concerned with the sustainable development of a self-drive tourist destination in the remote region in Northern
Australia. It first compares officially used data on visitor profiles to the information collected in the survey. Differences
between data collected and available secondary data imply that tourism planning should include collection of region-specific
tourism information to guide and mitigate potential environmental changes. Natural landscape features are the key attraction
for visitors to the region. Visitor satisfaction levels with the current state of the destination are high. However, local
residents reported perceived negative impacts of tourism, in particular on amenities and the ecology of the landscape. Visitors
also reported behavior that might contribute to environmental impacts. Implications of the findings, in the context of future
destination planning, are discussed. 相似文献
197.
Fabio Orecchini 《Sustainability Science》2007,2(2):245-252
Human society consumes resources that it is not able to reproduce. Human activities are still based on “open cycles,” starting
from a condition of natural environmental balance and reaching an environmental imbalance. The challenging scope of scientific
and technological research towards sustainability appears clear if it is based on this analysis: to find development systems
based on “closed cycles” of resources. The challenging objective of realizing closed cycles leads to a definition of sustainability
that indicates the path to sustainable development, as well as stating the general principle. It also provides a key to the
qualitative measurement of sustainability. This means that the sustainability level of a system can be measured by measuring
its capacity to avoid the consumption of resources. Zero consumption is a necessary condition for sustainability, and brings
about as a side effect the highly desired “zero-waste” result. Materials entering the proposed endless scheme pass through
the process of usefulness without losing their capacity to feed the system again after being used. Thus, the concept of “consumption”
itself is replaced by one of “use” when resources are inserted into closed loops capable of feeding human development. The
application of the closed cycle sustainability criterion particularly displays its feasibility, and a theoretical guiding
role, in the energy sector. Energy vectors such as hydrogen and electricity enable the closure of the energy resources loop
by effectively approaching the objective of “zero consumption” (and the side result of “zero waste”) through already demonstrated
technological solutions. 相似文献
198.
Edwin Zaccaï 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(1):51-67
A global analysis shows that considerable forces contribute nowadays to the perpetuation of the so-called “developed” model of consumption, and its extension to growing parts of the world, despite reiterated calls for “modification of production and consumption patterns”. Environmental product regulation can be situated in this general perspective. This paper returns to the framing of policies devoted to ecologically sustainable consumption, taking the example of the Integrated product policy at the European level. How are the objectives of such policies defined? What instruments are privileged? Comparing theoretical approaches with policy design, we focus on the role devoted to consumers in these contexts. Bringing in literature evidence, survey results and findings from an original study, we argue that appropriate knowledge of the diversity of consumers’ attitudes and about the limitations of their possible actions is not properly taken into account in product policies, notably when information and voluntary tools are dominant. From this point of view, environmental product regulations are well justified, but they should, as all policy instruments implicating consumers, take careful notice of their situation. 相似文献
199.
This paper examines whether foreign aid, together with other economic, social and environmental factors, contributes to sustainable development. It starts with an illustrative theoretical growth model where foreign aid promotes sustainable development by protecting the environment. Using factor analysis and newly developed estimation methods for a dynamic panel data model with endogenous regressors, the empirical section of the paper finds evidence that foreign aid has had a significantly positive influence on sustainable development in aid recipient countries. This effect is very likely to go through channels related to growth and resources as well as a technology channel with respect to energy intensity. This research has important implications for a post‐2015 development framework on international collective action with regard to a sustainable future. 相似文献
200.
Air pollution has become a matter of grave concern, particularly in mega-cities and urban areas, where the situation is alarming and becoming more and more severe day-by-day and warrants, therefore, careful planning to facilitate future industrial development. Site selection, with the objective of minimizing adverse environmental impacts based on environmental criteria is a vital prerequisite, particularly for air polluting industries. In order to locate any air polluting industry, the assimilative capacity of the region needs to be assessed carefully and planned accordingly, so that the receiving environment is not adversely affected. Assimilative capacity of a region/airshed, widely represented through the ventilation coefficient by many researchers in the past, does not give a clear picture about the amount of emission load that can be assimilated in a given region. The ventilation coefficient, at best, can only present a broad picture about the air pollution dispersion potential (low, medium or high) of the region. A modified approach, which utilizes air quality modelling as a tool to estimate the maximum allowable emission load that a region can assimilate without violating the stipulated standards, has been used for estimating the assimilative capacity of the air environment. Details of this approach have been presented in this paper through a case study carried out for the Kochi region, located in the Kerala State of India. A variety of emission and meteorological scenarios have been considered and critical emission loads have been estimated. This approach shall provide necessary technical guidance to the environmental regulatory authorities as well as to the industries in planning environment friendly industrial development. 相似文献