Sampling and Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) Traces in Indoor Atmosphere

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) are widely found in disinfectants used in hospitals. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) predominate in the disinfecting formulations. These compounds are strong irritants and can play a role in the induction of Occupational Asthma among the professionals of health and cleaning. In order to evaluate the potential health effect of these quaternary ammonium compounds to hospital employers, the development of an analytical method for their quantification in indoor air was developed. DDAC aerosols are trapped by adsorption on XAD-2 resin SKC tube. The air in hospital buildings was sampled using a constant debit Gillian pump at a flow of 1.0 l/min (+/-5%). Ion Chromatography (IC) was chosen for the analysis of DDAC especially for its high sensitivity and specificity. The Limit of Detection (LOD) by IC for DDAC is 0.56 mug/ml. Therefore the LOD of atmospheric DDAC is 28 microg/m(3) with an air volume of 100 l and a desorption volume of 5 ml. All DDAC air samples were lower than the LOD of the analytical method by IC. Under the standard conditions of use of the disinfecting solutions (Surfanios, Ampholysine Plus and Amphospray 41), the insignificant volatility of DDAC would not seem to be able to contaminate the indoor hospital atmosphere during the disinfection process. However, the DDAC can contaminate working atmospheres if it is put in suspension by aerosolisation.     

Evaluation of the Impact of Long-range Transport and Aerosol Concentration Temporal Variations at the Eastern Coast of the Baltic Sea

Ambient particles vary greatly in their ability to affect visibility, climate and human health. The fine fraction of aerosol is responsible for greater and wider effects on human health; thus, investigation of this fraction is very important. Continuous measurements of PM2.5 (particulate matter below 2.5 μm in size) concentrations at the Preila monitoring station started in 2003. During a period of 2 years, the episodes of high daily and semi-hourly concentrations of PM2.5 were measured. These episodes did not depend on the season or time of day. The substantial role of long-range transport of pollutants to these increases in concentration was shown using chemical and statistical analysis. It was found that most of the severe episodes occurred when air masses came from a specific site besides it was established that air masses of different origin were characterized by different mixing layer depth. Lower mixing depth was observed in air masses characterized by higher observed concentrations at the measuring site and vice versa. PM2.5 concentrations showed diurnal and seasonal variations whose pattern reflected the regional origin of the aerosol. The regional pollution level was evaluated by the statistical analysis of PM2.5 concentrations. The background annual average of PM2.5 mass concentration for the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea was 15.1 ± 0.8 μg m⁻³.     

沈阳市室内空气细菌与真菌粒子的关系

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和平皿沉降法观测了室内空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度、浓度分布、粒度分布、粒数中值直径和沉降量．结果表明，室内空气细菌粒子浓度为真菌粒子浓度的２．５倍，细菌粒数中值直径为真菌粒数中值直径的１．４倍，细菌粒子沉降量为真菌粒子沉降量的５，３倍。＜８．２μｍ的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度差别不大，而＞８．２μｍ的空气细苗比真苗粒子浓度高４．１倍．＜８．２μｍ的可吸入真菌粒数百分比大于＜８．２μｍ的细菌粒数百分比．在一天的７：００时～２２：００时，室内空气细菌和真菌粒子的浓度、沉降量均呈双峰变化；细苗和真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为０．８２２，细菌和真菌粒子沉降量的相关系数为０．８９６，均呈明显的正相关关系；细菌和真菌粒数中值直径的相关系数为－０．０９６，相关关系不大。     

珠三角区域空气质量预报方法及预报效果评估

介绍了珠三角区域空气质量预报的\"六步法\"流程,并对2015年空气质量等级和首要污染物预报准确率进行评估研究。结果表明,2015年珠三角区域空气质量以优良为主,24 h等级预报准确率1月最高2月最低,平均准确率为87.6%;出现的首要污染物种类包括PM2.5,PM10,O3-8 h和NO2,预报准确率9月最高3月最低,平均准确率为72.7%。     

大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫含量分析

对大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫质量分数进行测定分析。结果表明:植物的氮质量分数为0.8%～2.8%,平均值为1.5%;硫质量分数为0.4%～1.4%,平均值为0.8%。植物的氮、硫质量分数都高于对照点植物,为对照点植物的1.4倍、1.9倍,表明该区植物已受到了大气污染的影响。不同植物间的氮、硫质量分数差异达到3.5倍和2.5倍。不同类型植物的氮、硫质量分数也存在差异,氮质量分数中:藤本>草本>灌木>乔木,硫质量分数中:藤本>草本>乔木>灌木;落叶植物的氮、硫质量分数>常绿植物的氮、硫质量分数。不同研究点植物的氮、硫质量分数存在差异,均表现为:玻璃厂>火电厂>水泥厂。     

柳州市大气环境质量及其环境容量测算初探

在研究近年柳州市大气环境质量状况的基础上,结合气象资料确定容量控制系数为3．5,应用宏观总量控制A值法对理想大气容量进行测算,得出SO2排放严重超出理想排放总量的结论,并结合节能减排、能源结构优化、机动车尾气污染防治等提出了相关建议。     

2017年除夕至初一期间湖南省城市环境空气污染特征分析

对2017年除夕至初一期间（1月27—28日）,湖南省14个市州的78个城市环境空气自动监测站点数据进行了分析。结果表明,烟花爆竹的集中燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中,对PM₁₀和PM_2.5影响最为显著,其次是SO₂,NO₂和O₃受影响程度相对最小。集中燃放烟花对PM₁₀和PM_2.5的小时值增长倍数贡献明显。对全省14个城市PM₁₀和PM_2.5的小时值最大贡献量分别为195～652和116~680 μg/m³;最大增高倍数分别为1.8~10.5倍和2.2~15.8倍。其中对郴州市的影响程度最高。城市集中燃放烟花爆竹期间,ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）明显上升,初一01:00最大值为0.69。气象条件也是影响春节期间空气质量的重要因素,风速小、逆温强、湿度大和无降水等不利气象条件使污染物浓度不断累积,形成持续性污染过程。     

沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判别研究

利用二次因子分析法对大连市区5个大气自动监测点住所测的四种污染因子(CO、SO2、NOx、PM10)和风速(1997～2004年)资料数据进行分析,分析了当地污染排放累积和外来输送两种主要原因,对大连市空气质量的影响.通过进一步对CO、NOx、PM10因子得分之差(FS2-FS1)的分析,找出了适合确定沙尘暴对大连市空气质量影响的判据,即(FS2-FS1)>0     

采样容器溶出氯离子对监测空气中氯化氢的干扰分析

试验了玻璃、聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯等不同材质容器溶出氯离子对环境空气中氯化氢测定的影响,指出测定结果偏高的原因在于采用玻璃气泡吸收管,分析了玻璃材质溶出氯离子的原因,建议采用特制的聚四氟乙烯或聚乙烯吸收管采样。     

基于复杂网络及其模体的京津冀及周边城市空气污染空间关联与城市协同治理

为了探究京津冀及周边31个城市空气污染的空间关联与季节演化情况,于2015年1月1日至2021年12月31日选取该区域的空气质量指数(AQI)日均值作为样本,首先对31个城市AQI的时间变化特征和空间分布特征进行了分析;然后计算不同城市AQI的皮尔逊相关系数,结合引力模型,构建了该区域空气污染空间关联网络;最后对网络的整体特征与季节演化情况进行了分析。结果表明,该区域空气污染空间关联网络密度较高,关联比较紧密,度值与中心性较高的城市对空气污染有更高的传输贡献,石家庄、邢台及邯郸的中心性最高,对其他城市空气污染传输的控制能力最强;网络共分为3个凝集子群,石家庄、邢台及邯郸位于子群发生关联的中心位置;对4个季节空间关联网络图进行对比分析,春季网络密度更高,不同城市之间AQI的关联更为紧密;在模体A的四季关联网络中,石家庄、邢台和邯郸为主要传播城市;在模体B的四季关联网络中,邯郸和北京为枢纽城市,这些城市在空气污染的传播过程中起着重要作用。提出,加强石家庄、邢台、邯郸、北京这4个城市与其他城市空气污染协同治理力度,完善监督管理机制,促进环保产业发展;从行政、法律、经济等多方面入手,为解决京津冀大气污染问题提供充分保障;结合京津冀地区的季节气候条件,加强冬季煤改电、煤改气等管理力度,实行区域或集中采暖供热,减少燃料消耗和烟尘排放。