环境空气质量统计预报模式的研究——沈阳市环境空气质量各季节预报模式

利用沈阳市大气自动监测数据和同期气象资料,采用统计预报方法开发研制了环境空气质量预报模式,预报模式包括春、夏、秋、冬四季预报方程。预报对象为:可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)日均值,经过近5年的使用,预报效果良好。     

黑龙江省近12年甲醛柱浓度时空变化及其影响因素

利用OMI传感器数据,研究黑龙江省2005~2016年对流层甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征,并探究甲醛柱浓度的主要影响因素.结果表明：近12年甲醛柱浓度值整体呈上升趋势,平均增速为0.43×10¹⁵（molec×a）/cm²,2005~2013年逐年加剧,2013~2014年小幅回降,2014~2016年趋于平稳;四季甲醛浓度水平为：夏季>秋季>冬季>春季;月均变化趋势符合正弦曲线分布,年内甲醛柱浓度最低值一般出现在2~3月,最高值一般在6~7月;空间整体分布具有明显梯度,呈现“南高北低”状态,高值区主要分布在哈尔滨市、大庆市等南部地区,低值区分布在大兴安岭地区、黑河市等地区;空间浓度变化显著,2005~2008年全省在1~4级水平污染内,2009年起首次出现6级污染,2009~2013年6级水平污染区域扩大,2014年6级水平污染区域明显缩小,2014~2016年以4~6级水平污染为主且分布均匀;甲醛柱浓度分布对地形地貌、风向、气温、降水变化均会产生响应,能源消费、工业生产、汽车保有量、建筑装修、化肥施用等是甲醛柱浓度变化的重要影响因素.     

Integrating lidar and satellite optical depth with ambient monitoring for 3-dimensional particulate characterization

A combination of in-situ PM_2.5, sunphotometers, upward pointing lidar and satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) instruments have been employed to better understand variability in the correlation between AOD and PM_2.5 at the surface. Previous studies have shown good correlation between these measures, especially in the US east, and encouraged the use of satellite data for spatially interpolating between ground sensors. This work shows that cases of weak correlation can be better understood with knowledge of whether the aerosol is confined to the surface planetary boundary layer (PBL) or aloft. Lidar apportionment of the fraction of aerosol optical depth that is within the PBL can be scaled to give better agreement with surface PM_2.5 than does the total column amount. The study has shown that lidar combined with surface and remotely sensed data might be strategically used to improve our understanding of long-range or regionally transported pollutants in multiple dimensions.     

Effects of ozone on chlorophyll and quantum yield of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties

Plants of Bel-W3 and of seven commercial tobacco varieties (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were exposed to two relatively low ozone concentrations (90 or 135 ppb) for 20 consecutive days, for 8 h per day. Ozone caused necrotic and chlorotic spots, acceleration of leaf senescence, depression of photosynthetic mechanism, chlorophyll diminution and greater destruction of chl a than of chl b. The higher sensitivity of chl a was also confirmed by exposure of segments of leaves in test tubes to high ozone concentration (>1000 ppb) as well as by bubbling of ozone in extracts of chlorophyll in vitro. The quantum yield (QY) of photosynthesis was positively correlated with the chlorophyll content and negatively correlated with the visible injury and the chl b/a ratio.     

长江河源区大气环境考察报告

１９９７年７、８月间,中华环保基金会组织“９７’长江河源生态考察”活动,考察活动覆盖了长江河源区广大地区,取得圆满成功。将实地考察所获得的第一手数据汇总,对大气主要污染物,如ＴＳＰ、ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ、ＣＯ和Ｏ２在源区大气中的分布作了一定探讨,对今后大气环境发展趋势作了初步的分析,并提出了相关建议     

环境空气手工采样的质量保证

本文通过全程序空白试验、平行样试验及加标回收等试验,对大气手工采样的质量保证问题进行了探讨。     

Experimental investigation of wood combustion in a fixed bed with hot air

Waste combustion on a grate with energy recovery is an important pillar of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in the Netherlands. In MSW incinerators fresh waste stacked on a grate enters the combustion chamber, heats up by radiation from the flame above the layer and ignition occurs. Typically, the reaction zone starts at the top of the waste layer and propagates downwards, producing heat for drying and devolatilization of the fresh waste below it until the ignition front reaches the grate. The control of this process is mainly based on empiricism.MSW is a highly inhomogeneous fuel with continuous fluctuating moisture content, heating value and chemical composition. The resulting process fluctuations may cause process control difficulties, fouling and corrosion issues, extra maintenance, and unplanned stops. In the new concept the fuel layer is ignited by means of preheated air (T > 220 °C) from below without any external ignition source. As a result a combustion front will be formed close to the grate and will propagate upwards. That is why this approach is denoted by upward combustion.Experimental research has been carried out in a batch reactor with height of 4.55 m, an inner diameter of 200 mm and a fuel layer height up to 1 m. Due to a high quality two-layer insulation adiabatic conditions can be assumed. The primary air can be preheated up to 350 °C, and the secondary air is distributed via nozzles above the waste layer. During the experiments, temperatures along the height of the reactor, gas composition and total weight decrease are continuously monitored. The influence of the primary air speed, fuel moisture and inert content on the combustion characteristics (ignition rate, combustion rate, ignition front speed and temperature of the reaction zone) is evaluated.The upward combustion concept decouples the drying, devolatilization and burnout phase. In this way the moisture and inert content of the waste have almost no influence on the combustion process. In this paper an experimental comparison between conventional and reversed combustion is presented.     

Health benefits due to reductions of CO levels

A method is presented by which an upper limit of the adverse health effect of existing ambient CO concentrations on the U. S. population can be estimated. The method is based upon estimating the primary human physiological response to CO concentrations (COHb%) for the population in terms of person-hour-COHb>1.5% resulting from the time exposure of the population to CO concentrations in excess of the federally designated ambient air quality standard. The estimates of person-hour-COHb>1.5% are for exposures only to ambient CO concentrations and do not take into account the additional CO exposure for people who smoke or have occupational exposures.We estimate that there were up to 30.9×10⁹ person-hour-COHb>1.5% in 1973 due to ambient concentrations in excess of the ambient 8-hour CO standard, with approximately 5×10⁹ person-hour-COHb>1.5% occurring West of the Continental Divide and 25.9>10⁹ person-hour-COHb>1.5% occuring East of the Continental Divide; of these 21.3×10⁹ personhour-COHb>1.5% occurred in New York City. It was also estimated that a 60% reduction in 1973 ambient concentrations of CO (corresponding to an automotive emmision standard of less than 15 g/mile) would be needed to reduce to zero the person-hour-COHb>1.5%. The maximum estimated effects on the U.S. population of increases in ambient CO concentration above 1973 levels are also presented.     

城市空气污染预报方法研究

介绍了国内外空气污染预报所采用的几种主要方法 ,强调指出空气污染预报的特点以及在今后预报中应注意的问题。