《大气污染防治行动计划》实施对经济与环境的潜在影响

基于全产业链视角,采用资源环境投入产出模型,定量化模拟了在现有产业技术条件下国家《大气污染防治行动计划》(下称《计划》项目)实施对社会经济和资源环境的潜在影响. 结果表明,《计划》项目实施:①将拉动我国GDP累计增加20 570×108元,非农就业岗位累计增加260×104个,起到刺激经济发展、促进社会就业等作用;②将直接带动环保装备制造、建筑安装、综合技术服务、锅炉技术改造以及新能源汽车等相关行业的发展,同时通过产业链关联间接带动金属冶炼压延加工业,化学工业(不含塑料和橡胶,下同),非金属矿物制品业,电力、热力的生产和供应业等传统高耗能、高污染产业的发展;③将累计新增SO₂、NO_x、烟粉尘排放量分别为121.3×104、96.0×104和60.7×104 t,年均新增排放量相当于预期减排能力的3.8%、2.2%、2.2%,主要集中于电力、热力的生产和供应业,金属冶炼压延加工业,非金属矿物制品业,化学工业以及石油加工炼焦核燃料加工业等5个行业;④将累计新增煤炭、水资源消耗量分别为1.6×108和108.2×108 t,二者的年均新增消耗量相当于2010年消耗量的1.05%和0.36%,主要集中于电力、热力的生产和供应业及金属冶炼压延加工业. 未来应加快环保产业发展,不断优化产业结构,进一步提高火电、钢铁等国民经济基础性行业污染治理效率和资源使用效率,从产品供给角度减少大气治理活动对环境的影响.      

砖坯烧制过程中氟逸出特性研究

采用杭嘉湖地区的2种典型制砖粘土及富石灰的紫红壤为原料,通过实验室模拟试验和砖瓦厂现场测定研究了制砖中氟的逸出特性。结果表明：氟在粘土矿物发生脱羟基作用时开始逸出,温度约为600℃,主要逸出发生在约800℃至砖坯发生明显烧结时的范围内,砖瓦窑内存在可使氟逸出量减少的氟循环现象;制砖粘土性质及工艺对氟逸出存在较大影响,CaO含量高的粘土氟逸出量明显较少;中适量钙基物料、烧结料及改进制砖工艺可抑制氟的逸出。     

沈阳市环境空气中可吸入颗粒物污染现状分析

应用近两年沈阳市大气自动监测系统监测的环境空气中可吸入颗粒物的大量资料,分析总结可吸入颗粒物的 污染现状、时空分布规律,同时阐述可吸入颗粒物的危害、来源及防止措施。     

铅锌硫化矿浮选废水及尾矿库外排水中VOSCs的组成特征及其来源解析

利用臭氧氧化技术对铅锌硫化矿浮选过程各单元作业废水及尾矿库外排水进行处理,根据硫酸根离子浓度增量计算废水中低价态硫(价态小于+6)浓度.采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱联用仪(PTC-GC/MS)检测浮选药剂(丁基二硫代碳酸钠(n-BX)、二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)、腐殖酸钠(SH)、松醇油)水溶液的自然降解产物、尾矿库进水及外排水中的挥发性有机硫化物(VOSCs).结果表明,尾矿库主要进水水源中低价态硫浓度为112 mg·L-1,其中,二硫化碳(CS2)在检测组分中所占相对比例为35.60%,是主要的VOSCs物质.各单元作业中浮选作业工段加入大量浮选药剂,浮选药剂水溶液自然降解产物中均检出CS2,而用药量最大的n-BX(C5H9Na OS2)自然降解产物中CS2相对比例最高(80.33%),因此,n-BX是浮选废水中VOSCs主要药剂来源.尾矿库外排水中低价态硫浓度为22 mg·L-1,其中,VOSCs物质主要有3,6-二甲基-1,2,4,5-四硫环己烷(C2H4S4)、N-巯基-甲酰胺(CH2SNO)和2-甲基-3-噻唑啉(C4H7NS),尾矿库外排水中C2H4S4所占相对比例为22.59%,是主要VOSCs物质.尾矿库水体中微生物通过消耗CS2生成C2H4S4进行新陈代谢.本研究结果可为铅锌硫化矿浮选工艺改进和安全排放提供参考.     

哈尔滨市部分新装修住宅室内空气质量的检测与评价

大量含有有害物质的装修材料的应用是引起室内空气污染的主要原因之一,经过对哈尔滨市内部分新装修住宅室内空气污染状况调查后发现,游离甲醛和总挥发性有机物均存在不同比例的超标现象。本文采用客观指数评价方法对新装修住宅的室内空气质量进行了评价,评价结果显示,48％的住宅室内空气质量符合卫生标准。     

Quantification of emission reduction potentials of primary air pollutants from residential solid fuel combustion by adopting cleaner fuels in China

Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Here we compiled literature-reported emission factors of pollutants including carbon monoxide(CO), total suspended particles(TSPs), PM2.5, organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) for different household energy sources, and quantified the potential for emission reduction by clean fuel adoption. The burning of crop straws, firewood and coal chunks in residential stoves had high emissions per unit fuel mass but lower thermal efficiencies, resulting in high levels of pollution emissions per unit of useful energy, whereas pelletized biofuels and coal briquettes had lower pollutant emissions and higher thermal efficiencies. Briquetting coal may lead to 82%–88% CO, 74%–99%TSP, 73%–76% PM2.5, 64%–98% OC, 92%–99% EC and 80%–83% PAH reductions compared to raw chunk coal. Biomass pelletizing technology would achieve 88%–97% CO, 73%–87% TSP, 79%–88%PM2.5, 94%–96% OC, 91%–99% EC and 63%–96% PAH reduction compared to biomass burning. The adoption of gas fuels(i.e., liquid petroleum gas, natural gas) would achieve significant pollutant reduction, nearly 96% for targeted pollutants. The reduction is related not only to fuel change, but also to the usage of high efficiency stoves.     

沈阳市环境空气质量天气模式预报方法

应用2003年和2004年6月~8月天气形势资料和同期环境空气自动监测数据进行统计分析,建立夏季天气模式预报方法,同时应用2005年资料进行验证,预报效果较好,环境空气中首要污染物———可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的级别预报准确率、趋势预报准确率和总站发布预报范围准确率分别达到60%、80%和90%,该预报方法可作为业务预报使用。     

Influence of ship emissions on NOx, SO2, O3 and PM concentrations in a North-Sea harbor in France

The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM_(10) concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe,with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-on/roll-off cargo in average per day. NO_x, SO_2, O_3 and PM_(10) concentrations were continuously measured over a three-month period, as well as real-time particle size distribution. A rural site located at Cape Gris-Nez, 20km from Calais, was considered to deduce intrinsic contribution of ship emissions at the harbor city.The average concentrations of the studied species as well as the pattern of the conditional bivariate probability function at the two sites evidenced that in-port shipping, especially during the maneuvering operations, has an important influence on the NO_xand SO_2 concentrations. The impact of shipping in the harbor of Calais on average concentrations was estimated to 51% for SO_2, 35% for NO, 15% for NO_2 and 2% for PM_(10) in the studied period.Concentration peaks of SO_2 and NO_x associated with an O_3 depletion appeared synchronized with departures and arrivals of ferries. For winds blowing from the harbor,when compared to the background level, the number of particles appeared 10 times higher,with the highest differences in the 30–67nm and the 109–167 nm size ranges. The average impact of in-port ships on PM310 concentrations was estimated to + 28.9 μg/mand concerned mainly the PM1 size fraction(40%). Punctually, PM_(10) can potentially reach a concentration value close to 100 μg/m~3.     

重庆的环境空气质量和酸雨十年回顾

重庆是中国酸沉降的一个代表地区。本文对过去十年的空气质量和酸雨的时空分布，化学特征，污染来源，途径以及发展趋势进行了回顾与评价。重庆近年的空气质量没有随城市的发展而恶化，然而，酸雨影响的区域却在扩大。     

Concentrations and distribution of novel brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and soil of Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard, Arctic

Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Arctic air and soil samples collected from Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard, during Chinese scientific research expeditions to the Arctic during 2014–2015. The concentrations of Σ₉NBFRs in the Arctic air and soil were 4.9–8.7 pg/m³ (average 6.8 pg/m³) and 101–201 pg/g dw (average 150 pg/g dw), respectively. The atmospheric concentration of hexabromobenzene (HBB) was significantly correlated with that of pentabromotoluene (PBT) and pentabromobenzene (PBBz), suggesting similar source and environmental fate in the Arctic air. No significant spatial difference was observed among the different sampling sites, both for air and soil samples, indicating that the effects of the scientific research stations on the occurrence of NBFRs in the Arctic were minor. The fugacities from soil to air of pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), and decabromodiphenylethane 1,2-bis (pentabromophenyl) ethane (DBDPE) were lower than the equilibrium value, indicating a nonequilibrium state of these compounds between air and soil, the dominant impact of deposition and the net transport from air to soil. The correlation analysis between the measured and predicted soil-atmosphere coefficients based on the absorption model showed that the impact of the soil organic matter on the distribution of NBFRs in the Arctic region was minor. To the best of our knowledge, this work is one of the limited reports on atmospheric NBFRs in the Arctic and the first study to investigate the occurrence and fate of NBFRs in the Arctic soil.