一种多元复合型液氨洗消剂的实验研究

采用含有MgCl2,AlCl3及氟表面活性剂的多元复合型水洗消剂对液氨泄漏进行模拟洗消实验研究,并探讨洗消剂的浓度、Mg/Al配比和洗消时间等对其洗消效率的影响。经研究发现,相比于含有单一金属离子的溶液,Mg2+和Al3+配比为1∶1(摩尔比)的混合溶液具有最佳的洗消效果,两者之间存在着协同洗消作用。该洗消剂可将NH3完全转变为NH4+,自身则转变为无毒无害的氢氧化物,洗消彻底。少量氟表面活性剂的加入,可以降低洗消剂的表面张力,改善细水雾的流动特性。对洗消剂的稳定性及其对洗消装备的腐蚀性也进行了研究。相对于传统的纯水或稀酸型洗消剂,该多元复合型洗消剂配制工艺简单,洗消效率高,洗消彻底,洗消产物无毒无害,是一种高效的环保型洗消剂。     

流化催化裂化中DeSOx催化剂的研究

用共沉淀法合成了三个系列的ＤｅＳＯｘ催化剂：铜类催化剂、铈类催化剂、铜铈类催化剂。模拟流化催化裂化（ＦＣＣ）条件,分别考察了催化剂的组成、水热处理、反应温度、体系中氧气浓度为ＳＯｘ吸附容量的影响,研究了催化剂吸附ＳＯｘ后的再生性能,同时将合成催化剂与工业催化剂（ＩＮＴＥＲＣＡＴ公司的ＤｅＳＯｘ催化剂）的ＤｅＳＯｘ性能进行了比较。结果表明,随 反应温度５的升高,催化剂的ＳＯｘ吸附容量出现一极大值;水     

Sex ratio and oviposition responses to host age and the fitness consequences to mother and offspring in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

In the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius more offspring and a greater proportion of daughters were oviposited in, and emerged from 0-day-old versus 3-day-old hosts. Offspring that developed on the younger hosts (1) were larger at adulthood, (2) developed more quickly, (3) had higher survivorship to adulthood, and (4) were more often able to chew their way out of the host. Sons and daughters did not differ in how host age affected their size, development rate, or survivorship. The greater proportion of daughters from the younger hosts may be adaptive, as described by the host quality model (a variant of the Trivers and Willard hypothesis). It is adaptive if greater size or more rapid development has a more positive effect on a daughter’s than a son’s fitness and the positive effect is large enough to compensate for sons being trapped disproportionately to daughters in the older hosts. Despite greater success at drilling the younger hosts, mothers did not try to drill them sooner or more often. Having previously oviposited on the older rather than the younger hosts had no detrimental effect on the mother’s subsequent longevity or offspring production. Received: 8 March 2000 / Revised: 9 June 2000 / Accepted: 24 June 2000     

红壤地区镁肥对作物的效应

土壤交换性镁量愈低,镁肥对作物的增产效果愈显著。作物地上部含镁量和吸镁量也决定于交换性镁量大小;交换性镁水平与含镁量和吸镁量呈显著正相关。因此,土壤交换性镁能较好地反映土壤镁素对作物的有效性。此外,作物对镁肥的反应还受土壤交换性钾和钾肥施用的影响。当土壤交换性镁低于５０ ｍｇ／ｋｇ~（－１）,交换性 Ｋ／Ｍｇ比大于 １．３时,施用镁肥效果明显。     

关于提升我国环保装备技术水平的建议

从加强基础教育、提高产品标准及规范招投标市场等方面阐述了目前大多环保装备在技术含量上得不到升华的原因;介绍了一种拥有自主知识产权、节能、降耗、增效的新型倒伞曝气机;为节能、增效、减排、推动和优化发展我国环保装备产业提出了相关建议。     

湿式逆流喷淋脱硫塔中SO2吸收特性的研究

根据双模吸收理论及SO2在溶液中电离特性,建立了逆流喷淋塔的SO2吸收模型,在考虑浆液飞溅到塔壁的影响后,模拟结果与实验值吻合较好。根据吸收模型,对塔内液气比和浆液的含固率等因素进行了分析。研究表明：减少浆液飞溅到塔壁可提高浆液利用率及脱硫装置性能;根据烟气中SO2的初始浓度及最终脱硫效率,可合理选择液气比及吸收时问（塔的高度）;浆液中的含固率直接影响到SO2的吸收速率、循环浆液量、脱硫效率及浆液中SO2浓度等,在液气比较小时,含固率对脱硫效率的影响尤其明显。     

PM10, O3, CO Concentrations and Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles in a School Building

Measurements of indoor and outdoor PM10, as well as indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were conducted and are presented here. These measurements were carried out at an institute building, located in a suburban industrial area in Greece. Both indoor and outdoor PM10 samples were also collected and their elemental composition was identified by ED-XRF analysis. Twenty seven major, minor and trace elements were identified. The measurements took place generally in different periods of institute operation, from June 2004 to February 2005. The indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the normal operation period of the institute were found to be many times higher than the respective outdoor PM10 concentrations of the same periods. On the contrary, the indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the holiday period were found to be lower than their corresponding outdoor values. Indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were found to be in low level. Indoor PM10 concentrations were found to be in a relative good correlation with O₃ (r = 0.45) and in high correlation (r = 0.98) with CO concentrations. On average, total elements concentrations were much higher indoors relative to outdoors. Based on above findings we attempted to determine the pollution sources of the indoor environment and to investigate some parameters or chemical processes that affect indoor pollutants’ levels.     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

Anoxic biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate （DMP） by activated sludge cultures under nitrate-reducing conditions

Worldwide extensive use of plasticized plastics has resulted in phthalates pollution in different environment. Nitrates from industry and agriculture are also widely disseminated in the soils, natural waters and wastewaters. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) biodegradation by activated sludge cultures under nitrate-reducing conditions was investigated. Under one optimized condition, DMP was biodegraded from 102.20 mg/L to undetectable level in 56 h under anoxic conditions and its reaction fitted well with the first-order kinetics. Using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) and phthalic acid (PA) were detected as the major intermediates of DMP biodegradation. When combined with the determination of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) removal capacity and pH, DMP was found to be mineralized completely under anoxic conditions. The biodegradation pathway was proposed as DMP → MMP → PA → … → CO2 H2O.The molar ratio of DMP to nitrate consumed was found to be 9.0:1, which agrees well with the theoretical stoichiometric values of DMP biodegradation by nitrate-reducing bacteria. The results of the non-linear simulation showed that the optimum pH and temperature for the degradation were 7.56 and 31.4℃, respectively.     

纵向风和阻塞比对隧道双火源温度分布的影响

为研究城市公路隧道内纵向通风和障碍物对双火羽流行为的影响,采用数值模拟方法分析双火羽流纵向烟气温度变化规律。研究结果表明：随着风速的增加,顶棚下方最高温度不断降低,烟气逆流现象逐渐减弱至消失;随着阻塞比的增加,下游火源一直向下游倾斜,而上游火源逐渐由向下游倾斜转变为向上游倾斜;基于流体力学理论,引入阻塞比修正无障碍物时的弗劳德数,进而建立适用于隧道内有障碍物的双火羽流顶棚最高温升分段预测模型,研究结果可为隧道火灾防治提供基础数据和理论参考。