滇池草海间隙水与上覆水氮磷时空变化特征

本文连续12个月监测了滇池草海柱状沉积物间隙水和上覆水不同形态氮磷浓度的垂向变化,揭示了不同季节间隙水与上覆水氮磷浓度差异及其形态组成贡献率,探讨了间隙水氮磷组成及氮/磷比值在湖泊富营养化及内负荷控制中的重要意义.结果表明:(1)草海间隙水NH_4~+-N浓度显著高于上覆水,而上覆水中NO_3~--N浓度显著高于间隙水,春、夏和秋季(2~11月)间隙水SRP浓度显著高于上覆水,而冬季(12月和1月)则与之恰好相反;(2)草海间隙水以NH_4~+-N和SRP贡献为主,分别占DTN和DTP的61%和78%,而上覆水则以DON和DOP贡献为主,分别占DTN和DTP的44%和81%,与春季和冬季相比,夏、秋季间隙水NH_4~+-N和SRP贡献率显著增加,而NO_3~--N、DON和DOP贡献率明显下降;(3)草海间隙水DTN/DTP、(NH_4~+-N+NO_3~--N)/SRP和DON/DOP比值均表现为春季冬季夏季秋季,而上覆水氮/磷比值则以春季较高,夏、秋和冬季相对较低.     

CEM-UF组合膜-硝化/反硝化系统处理低C/N废水及种群结构分析

本研究采用具有氨氮富集分离特性的阳离子交换膜-超滤(CEM-UF)组合膜与硝化/反硝化结合处理低C/N废水,考察该系统不同流量比下低C/N废水的硝化、反硝化脱氮特性,并通过对硝化、反硝化活性污泥进行16Sr DNA高通量测序,分析功能微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,系统进水TN为60 mg·L-1,COD/TN为2.65下,各流量比下硝化均有较好效果,平均氨氮去除率为98.7%,流量比值由1∶2上升到1∶6过程中,反硝化m(COD)/m(NO-3-N)随之升高,1∶6时平均硝氮去除率达到最高,为86.28%,系统总氮去除率由22.56%上升到46.8%.Illumina高通量测序结果表明,硝化污泥中可以固氮的Proteobacteria菌门占30.9%,重要的亚硝酸盐氧化菌Nitrospirae菌门占3.06%,属水平上检测到氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira,亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)Nitrospira和Nitrobacter,AOB与NOB菌比例较高,与硝化反应器中较好的硝化效果相一致.反硝化污泥中Proteobacteria菌门占主导地位(53.13%),其次是Bacteroidetes菌门(10.93%),在属的水平上检测到Dechloromonas、Thauera、Castellaniella、Alicycliphilus、Azospira、Comamonas、Caldilinea和Saccharibacteria多种具有反硝化脱氮作用的相关菌属,反硝化菌所占比例为25.91%,反硝化污泥中具有反硝化功能的微生物丰富,反硝化效果良好.     

硝化液回流比对ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷效能的影响

基于ABR工艺与MBR工艺的耦合联动,以低C/N比生活污水为研究对象,构建生物相分离、液相循环和功能联动的ABR-MBR新型组合工艺,以实现稳定、高效、节能的多功能生物除污(去碳-脱氮-除磷)为目标,通过优化水力停留时间(HRT)以获得ABR优质碳源提供与MBR短程硝化实现的最佳组合,并进行了硝化液回流比为100%、200%、300%和400%时对反硝化除磷的影响研究.ABR-MBR耦合工艺在不同条件下的运行研究结果表明,将溶解氧(DO)维持在低浓度(0.3~1.0 mg·L-1)下及HRT维持在较短(HRTMBR=3 h)情况下在MBR中实现了短程硝化,亚硝酸盐积累率达到60%以上;随着硝化液回流比的增大,ABR中反硝化除磷效能先升高后下降,以300%时反硝化除磷效果为最佳,此时亦处于MBR短程硝化阶段,实现了短程反硝化除磷(主要以NO-2作为电子受体的反硝化除磷),且短程反硝化除磷在系统除磷中占据了主导作用.     

近30年余干县耕地土壤碳氮比时空变异特征及其影响因素

基于1982年余干县第二次土壤普查200个样点数据和2012年测土配方施肥项目423个样点数据,运用方差分析、相关性分析、回归分析和普通克里格法,结合成土母质、土壤类型、耕地利用方式、地形因子、pH、秸秆还田和氮肥施用量,探讨近30年来余干县耕地表层(0~20 cm)土壤碳氮比(C/N)时空变异特征及其影响因素.结果表明余干县1982年和2012年土壤C/N均值依次为10.05和11.18,变异系数分别为19.40%和25.04%,均呈中等程度的变异性.经半变异函数分析,块金效应值分别为15.91%和71.25%,表明土壤C/N由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用变为更倾向于受随机性因素的主导作用.近30年来大部分区域土壤C/N增加明显,以东部区域增加最为显著.1982年土壤C/N空间变异主要受成土母质、土壤类型、地形因子和pH的影响,其影响程度依次为17.3%、14.2%、7.4%和2.3%.2012年土壤C/N空间变异受成土母质、土壤类型、耕地利用方式、地形因子、秸秆还田和氮肥施用量共同作用,其影响程度依次为8.7%、23.5%、28.2%、12.2%、12.6%和42.3%.     

基于多资产期权的土地资源组合开发优化研究

基于土地供应动态价格存在不确定性和期末土地资源的市场推广具有灵活性，土地资源的储备开发价值包括初始投资和期末看涨期权价值。根据欧式多资产期权方法，通过把收益的算术平均近似表达为几何平均的形式，多维问题可以转换为一维问题。参照一篮子期权的几何平均B-S期权定价模型，给出了基于实物期权的多项土地资源储备与开发的算术平均收益的夏普比率优化目标函数。数值计算表明，土地资源配置比例越是均匀，土地储备的期权价值越小。期权价值与配置比例反映为非线性关系。     

Evaluation of municipal solid waste composting kinetics

Most modern municipal solid waste (MSW) composting operations have emphasized the enhancement of decomposition of the organic fraction of the waste to comply with strict environmental regulations. This can be achieved once the composting process kinetics are well understood. This study examined process kinetics through experimentation with bench-scale reactors under controlled composting conditions to show the interdependence between biological, chemical and physical factors during composting of MSW. The effects of temperature, moisture content, waste particle size and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio on process kinetics were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that these factors should be carefully controlled in order to achieve optimum process performance. It has been found that the organic matter degradation during composting follows a first-order kinetic model.     

乌蒙山重点地区地下水水化学特征及成因分析

乌蒙山区是中国西南贫困连片分布区,水资源短缺问题已成为制约当地生态环境建设和社会经济发展的重要因素。本文选取乌蒙山重点地区赫章县和纳雍县作为研究区,采用描述性统计、Piper三线图、相关性分析和离子比例系数法对地下水化学特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:(1)Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为地下水中主要阳离子,HCO-3和SO2-4为地下水中主要阴离子,微量元素检出率较高,部分含量超标。HCO3·SO4-Ca型、HCO3-Ca型、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型为主要地下水水化学类型;(2)碳酸盐的溶解作用和硫化物的氧化作用是地下水中两种主要的水文地球化学过程,共同决定了地下水的离子构成和水化学类型,部分地区还存在石膏和岩盐的溶解,人类活动对地下水也有一定的影响。     

Coupled relationships among anammox, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium along salinity gradients in a Chinese estuarine wetland

Salinization in estuarine wetlands significantly alters the balance between their nitrogen (N) removal and retention abilities but these processes have not yet been characterized effectively. In the present study, the potential rates of sediment denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) were mapped using N isotope tracing methods along salinity gradients across the Yellow River Delta wetland (YRDW) in China. The contribution of anammox to total dissimilatory N transformations in YRDW was merely 6.8%, whereas denitrification and DNRA contributed 52.3% and 40.9%, respectively. The potential rate of denitrification (5.82 μmol/kg/h) decreased significantly along salinity gradients and markedly exceeded DNRA potential rate (2.7 μmol/kg/h) in fresh wetlands, but was lower than that of DNRA in oligohaline wetlands (3.06 and 3.18 μmol/kg/h, respectively). Moreover, a significantly positive relationship between salinity and DNRA/denitrification was obeserved, indicating that increased salinity may favor DNRA over denitrification. Furthermore, total sulfur (TS) content and ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) increased with the salinity gradient and showed evident positive relationships with the DNRA/denitrification ratio. In this study, we proved that increased salinization resulted in the dominance of DNRA over denitrification, possible through the addition of S and alteration of the C/N in estuarine wetlands, leading to increased N retention in estuarine wetlands during salinization, which would enhance the eutrophication potential within wetlands and in downstream ecosystems.     

能量比值法构建与实证检验——关于农业资源利用效率测算方法的一个改进

农业自然资源利用效率的测算与比较方法较多,如比值分析法、生产函数法、包络分析法、能量效率评价方法、因子-能量评价方法、能值评价方法和指标体系评价方法等.其中,比值分析法因其操作性强、计算简单而被研究者广泛应用.但是,比值分析法存在的一些缺陷使该方法测算的结果受到猜疑.为此,本文试图把"能量"引入到农业资源利用效率中来,采用能量比值法代替传统的比值方法测算农业资源利用效率,并以土地为例,对该方法进行实证比较检验.传统比值法相对能量比值法而言,对于农业资源利用效率评估过于偏大或偏小,利用能量比值法更能够比较农业资源在不同地区、时间段和不同品种之间的利用效率,可为调整农业结构提供参考依据.     

Soil Acidity Parameters and Defoliation Degree in Six Norway Spruce Stands in Finland

Soil acidity parameters (pH, basesaturation, exchangeable Al) in the organic and mineralsoil layers and in soil water (pH, dissolved organiccarbon, total Al, Al³⁺ and molar Ca/Al ratios) insix Norway spruce stands in different parts of Finlandwere compared. An attempt was also made to relate thedegree of defoliation in the tree stand to N and Sdeposition and soil parameters. No relationship was foundbetween soil acidity parameters and defoliation in thesix stands. Defoliation was positively correlated withstand age and the C/N ratio of the organic layer, andnegatively with the cation exchange capacity. The plotlocated on a so-called sulphate soil on the west coast ofFinland had very low soil pH values, and extremely highAl and SO₄ ^2- concentrations and molar Ca/Alratios of well below 1.0 in soil water. Despite the highnatural acidity in the soil on this plot, defoliation inthe spruce stand was the lowest (mean 8.6%) of all sixplots. The results of this study indicate that soilacidity is not a major factor affecting stand conditionin these spruce stands, and that the variation in soilacidity parameters is closely related to climatic factorsand natural soil formation processes.