天水市空气微生物含量分析

用平皿沉降法测定了天水市空气微生物含量,结果证实其空气细菌、真菌及总菌的平均含量分别为5312.3、13．1和5325．4CFU／m3．空气真菌占总菌量的0．2％左右,空气微生物以细菌为主十分明显,所测风景区空气细菌含量与城区的平均水平间差异很大,说明天水市空气已受到较轻的中度污染,闹市区的一些测点空气污染已相当严重。     

Particle size distribution and pollutants in road-deposited sediments in different areas of Zhenjiang,China

An understanding of road-deposited sediment (RDS) characteristics on an impervious surface is essential to estimate pollutant washoff characteristics and to minimise the impacts of pollutants on the water environment. A total of 62 RDS samples were collected from four different land-use types (commercial, residential, intense traffic and riverside park) in Zhenjiang City, China. The samples were fractionated into seven grain-size classes and analysed for particle size distribution and concentrations of pollutants. The samples are found to consist predominantly of fine particles (60–80%, <250 μm). The maximum mean concentrations of zinc, lead and copper were 686.93, 589.19 and 158.16 mg/kg, respectively, with the highest metal concentrations found in samples from the intense traffic area. The maximum mean contents of organic matter (12.55%), nitrogen (6.31 mg/g) and phosphorus (5.15 mg/g) were found in samples from the commercial area. The concentrations of heavy metals were highest in the smallest particle size fraction analysed (63 μm). The organic matter and nitrogen content generally increased with decreasing particle sizes in the <500-μm particle size range. The results also revealed that most of the total nitrogen (TN) is attached to the finer sediments and that to effectively reduce TN loads in particulates, treatment facilities must be able to remove the finer particles (down to 125 μm for TN).     

Morphological classification of bioaerosols from composting using scanning electron microscopy

This research classifies the physical morphology (form and structure) of bioaerosols emitted from open windrow composting. Aggregation state, shape and size of the particles captured are reported alongside the implications for bioaerosol dispersal after release. Bioaerosol sampling took place at a composting facility using personal air filter samplers. Samples were analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Particles were released mainly as small (<1 μm) single, spherical cells, followed by larger (>1 μm) single cells, with aggregates occurring in smaller proportions. Most aggregates consisted of clusters of 2–3 particles as opposed to chains, and were <10 μm in size. No cells were attached to soil debris or wood particles. These small single cells or small aggregates are more likely to disperse further downwind from source, and cell viability may be reduced due to increased exposure to environmental factors.     

Guidelines for copper in sediments with varying properties

A major weakness of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) is their poor ability to predict how toxicity thresholds change for different sediment types. Using species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) of copper effects data, new guidelines were derived for copper in non-sulfidic marine sediments in which organic carbon (OC) and particle size strongly influence copper bioavailability. The derived SQGs varied in a predictable manner with changes in sediment particle size and organic carbon (OC), and were shown to offer a significant improvement on the existing ‘single value’ SQG. Adequate protection for all benthic organisms is expected to be achieved for a OC-normalised copper concentration of 3.5 mg Cu g⁻¹ OC in the <63 μm sediment fraction. For short-term exposures, the equivalent acute guideline is 11 mg < 63 μm Cu g⁻¹ OC. The new SQGs incorporate a high degree of conservatism owing to the use of copper-spiked sediments and laboratory-based bioassays that were expected to result in greater metal exposure of organisms to bioavailable copper than would be expected for field-contaminated sediments with similar total copper concentrations. SQGs that vary with sediment properties were prepared in an easily referenced tabular format.     

云南宣威肺癌高发区C1煤燃烧排放颗粒物中PAHs的组成特征及健康风险

宣威煤燃烧排放产物与其所导致的肺癌高发率一直是国际学术界关注的热点,但煤燃烧排放颗粒物中的关键致毒组分还不清楚。以肺癌高发区产出的晚二叠世C1煤燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物为研究对象,分析其中主要有害有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征及其健康风险。结果表明宣威煤燃烧排放的颗粒物中16种PAHs的总质量浓度为77 359.21 ng·m-3,其中含量最高的是苯并(g,h,i)苝,其他主要的PAHs依此为:屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、荧蒽、二苯并(a,h)蒽、菲、苯并(k)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘;强致癌化合物苯并a芘(Ba P)总浓度亦可达到10 060.13 ng·m-3;这些有害有机物主要分布在细颗粒物中;不同粒径颗粒物的毒性当量存在明显差异,细颗粒的毒性当量占可吸入颗粒物中PAHs总毒性当量的87.4%,远高于粗颗粒(12%)和超细颗粒物(0.4%)的毒性当量。     

大气颗粒物的形态、成分分布的透射电镜、X-射线衍射研究

本文利用透射电镜和X-射线衍射技术,对酸雨危害较为严重的重庆市市区大气颗粒物样品进行了较力细致的研究工作。通过对大气飘尘的表面状态、元素组成以及其结合形态的研究,发现粒度较小的球状颗粒物及粗柱状矿物飘尘对酸雨形成影响较大。同时,本文还对酸雨的形成机理进行了一些探讨。      

基于OCO-2卫星观测的浙江省典型城市CO2柱浓度变化特征及碳排放重点源识别应用

为有效制定城市层面的低碳发展政策,实现碳达峰的发展目标,利用碳卫星2号（OCO-2）监测的高分辨率大气CO₂柱浓度数据（XCO₂）,分析浙江省杭州、宁波和嘉兴3个典型城市的XCO₂变化特征,以及人类活动和XCO₂变化的关系;识别城市碳排放热点区域,评估碳排放热点源对XCO₂的影响,并利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模型（LPDM）进行验证。结果表明：（1）2016—2021年3个城市的XCO₂年增长量分别为3.1×10^-6,2.3×10^-6和2.2×10^-6,杭州的增长量最为明显;杭州和宁波在2019—2021年XCO₂增量明显,分别为8.0×10^-6和5.7×10^-6。杭州XCO₂的变化趋势与临安大气本底站CO₂观测数据的变化趋势一致。（2）与2017年相比,3个城市的建筑用地面积都略有增加,分别增加了0.9%,2.2%和4.8%;从人口和GDP数据来看,2016—2021年3个城市也均呈持续增加的变化趋势。表明CO₂浓度升高与人类活动密切相关。（3）XCO₂正距平高值区域基本都对应了碳排放热点源（电力企业）的下风向地区,电力企业CO₂的排放会导致下风向地区的XCO₂出现局地性增长,增量为7×10^-6～9×10^-6。     

石家庄地区春季晴、霾天气溶胶观测研究

利用2006年和2007年河北省机载粒子探测系统(PMS)获得的飞行探测资料,分析了石家庄地区春季上空大气气溶胶粒子的浓度垂直分布特征、不同高度上的谱分布和水平变化特征,并对粒子谱分布进行了负幂函数拟合.分析表明,霾天气下的气溶胶粒子数浓度高于晴天1个量级,达到104个/cm3;粒子平均直径为0.13~0.26mm;气溶胶粒子浓度水平变化受下垫面、云区等局地影响因子较大,受不同天气状况影响较小;负幂函数对细粒子谱分布有较好的拟合效果.     

基于数值模拟的河道再生水补充区地下水监测网构建

再生水作为改善城市景观用水纳入河道,可其对地下水具有潜在的污染风险。通过构建区域地下水数值模型,应用质点追踪技术,计算出永定河补水区在河湖受水后地下水5 a运移1.47 km、20 a运移6.32 km,年均运移0.32 km。在数值模拟的基础上,依据地下水运移轨迹,结合区域水文地质条件,将研究区划分为核心监控区、二级监控区和控制监控区3个地下水监测分区,并提出各分区地下水监测井的布设原则及布设方式,实现地下水环境监测网络的优化。     

宁波和温州地区夏季大气中不同粒径颗粒物特征分析

对宁波地区北仑和奉化站、温州地区乐清站3个监测点夏季TSP、PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0进行监测,测试分析各种粒径颗粒物浓度水平和粒径分布特征,并通过化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对颗粒物进行源解析。监测结果显示,夏季宁波、温州地区TSP和PM10日均浓度为0.049～0.134mg/m3和0.025～0.084mg/m3,均未超过我国环境空气质量二级标准;PM2.5日均浓度为0.007～0.069mg/m3,按美国2006年EPA最新标准限值0.035mg/m3衡量,奉化、乐清、北仑站的超标天数占总监测天数的比例分别为75%、40%和37.5%。粒径分布统计结果显示,3个监测站点PM10占TSP的比例为48.78%～86.96%;PM2.5占TSP的比例为33.33%～72.46%;奉化和乐清监测点PM10中PM2.5和PM1.0的比例平均值在50%以上。源解析结果显示,夏季TSP主要来源于土壤尘,其次是建筑尘和煤烟尘,其贡献率分别为40.70%～55.49%、9.62%～13.64%和5.85%～17.28%。