光学迷宫对飞机货舱感烟探测器响应性能的影响

针对飞机货舱火灾的探测延迟性问题,探讨了光学迷宫对点型光电感烟探测器响应性能的影响,实验研究了点型光电感烟探测器在有、无迷宫两种情况下烟雾探测的响应过程,对比分析了不同烟量时迷宫的作用,并提出探测器迷宫结构的改进设计思路。实验结果表明,在探测器响应过程中,有光学迷宫的探测器烟雾浓度波动幅度较小,迷宫对烟气有滞留作用,提高了探测器的稳定性;但迷宫会使探测腔室的烟雾浓度明显滞后且低于腔外,增大了探测器的迟滞时间,烟雾浓度较低时这种迟滞影响更为明显,严重影响货舱火警探测器的灵敏度。     

基于拓展TPB理论的客舱不安全行为意向影响因素研究

为了探究客舱旅客产生不安全行为意向的影响因素,本文基于旅客个体行为不完全受意志控制的特点,提出了采用计划行为理论作为理论基础,并引入了过去行为、风险感知和情绪管理3个新变量,构建了拓展的计划行为理论模型。通过自制量表的方式,研究了客舱旅客不安全行为意向影响因素的12个假设。研究结果表明,行为态度是影响不安全行为意向的最大直接因素,风险感知是最大的间接因素。本文为干预和引导旅客的安全行为给出一定的理论依据。     

装甲车辆舱室湿度调节系统设计与研制

目的设计研制舱室湿度调节系统,用于开展装甲车辆舱室热舒适性测试与评价技术研究。方法通过任务计算机设定实验任务,并将湿度目标值通过RS485总线传输给PLC控制器,由PLC控制器控制加湿机和除湿机工作,同时由湿度传感器对舱室内的湿度进行实施监控,达到目标值后,进行加湿和除湿的动态控制。结果该系统可实现20%～95%舱内湿度调节。结论为开展装甲车辆舱室湿热环境研究奠定实验基础。     

火灾场景下民机客舱人员疏散仿真及优化

为研究民机撞地后燃油泄漏引发的火灾对客舱人员疏散的影响,采用PyroSim建立B737-800客舱火灾模型,综合分析客舱烟气蔓延、温度、CO浓度和能见度的变化,得到CO浓度直接影响各出口的可用安全疏散时间;用CabinEvacu仿真工具设置3种人员疏散方案,得到ASET约束下各出口的疏散人数;考虑客舱乘务在民机紧急事件下的引导作用,提出CabinEvacu的优化模型。研究结果表明:仿真结果有效提升客舱的疏散人数和出口逃生率,但依旧无法确保人员的全部撤离。该研究结果可为火灾场景下民机客舱人员疏散提供参考依据。     

Managing Birds and Controlling Aircraft in the Kennedy Airport–Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Complex: The Need for Hard Data and Soft Opinions

During the 1980s, the exponential growth of laughing gull (Larus atricilla) colonies, from 15 to about 7600 nests in 1990, in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge and a correlated increase in the bird-strike rate at nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) led to a controversy between wildlife and airport managers over the elimination of the colonies. In this paper, we review data to evaluate if: (1) the colonies have increased the level of risk to the flying public; (2) on-colony population control would reduce the presence of gulls, and subsequently bird strikes, at the airport; and (3) all on-airport management alternatives have been adequately implemented. Since 1979, most (2987, 87%) of the 3444 bird strikes (number of aircraft struck) were actually bird carcasses found near runways (cause of death unknown but assumed to be bird strikes by definition). Of the 457 pilot-reported strikes (mean = 23 ± 6 aircraft/yr, N= 20 years), 78 (17%) involved laughing gulls. Since a gull-shooting program was initiated on airport property in 1991, over 50,000 adult laughing gulls have been killed and the number of reported bird strikes involving laughing gulls has declined from 6.9 ± 2.9 (1983–1990) to 2.6 ± 1.3 (1991–1998) aircraft/yr; nongull reported bird strikes, however, have more than doubled (6.4 ± 2.6, 1983–1990; 14.9 ± 5.1, 1991–1998). We found no evidence to indicate that on-colony management would yield a reduction of bird strikes at Kennedy Airport. Dietary and mark–recapture studies suggest that 60%–90% of the laughing gulls collected on-airport were either failed breeders and/or nonbreeding birds. We argue that the Jamaica Bay laughing gull colonies, the only ones in New York State, should not be managed at least until all on-airport management alternatives have been properly implemented and demonstrated to be ineffective at reducing bird strikes, including habitat alterations and increasing the capability of the bird control unit to eliminate bird flocks on-airport using nonlethal bird dispersal techniques. Because the gull-shooting program may be resulting in a nonsustainable regional population of laughing gulls (>30% decline), we also recommend that attempts be made to initiate an experimental colony elsewhere on Long Island to determine if colony relocation is a feasible management option.     

Best management practices for airport deicing stormwater

With the advent of new regulations concerning aircraft deicing and management of spent aircraft deicing fluids (ADFs), many airports now face the dual challenges of simultaneously maintaining public safety and protecting the environment. This paper provides a theoretical assessment of the potential environmental impact of stormwater runoff and offers detailed current information on alternative deicing fluid application methods and materials, collection and treatment practices.     

An improved methodology for assessing risk in aircraft operations at airports, applied to runway overruns

The paper addresses the need for models to assess risk at any particular airport, based on risk management principles used by the present risk management process, that use all available data on previous accidents. The case of runway overruns is taken as an example application, because new regulations require the provision of much longer Runway End Safety Areas than had previously been the norm. The paper presents models for overruns arising from both landings and aborted takeoffs. In each case models of overrun risk, of wreckage location and of the consequences are detailed. An example application of the models is then given in a hypothetical risk assessment.The models, though adding value to existing methods of assessing risk, are not as good as they could be, due to the lack of data on normal operations. It was therefore possible only to relate the rate of overruns to the rate of occurrence of the possible driving factors for a few factors where such comparable data on normal operations existed. It is recommended that effort be put into the collection of data to allow a more comprehensive analysis.     

人造板甲醛释放量检测影响因素分析

对GB/T17657和GB/18580规定的3种方法(萃取法、干燥器法、环境舱法)的影响因素进行了比较,认为应优先采用分光光度法检测甲醛释放量。在检测中要注意环境温湿度、显色及放置时间的掌握、样品平衡放置时间、仪器精度控制等因素。     

An environment-friendly engine selection methodology for aerial vehicles

Emitted exhaust gases from aircraft are an issue of concern from an environmental perspective. Many research studies have been conducted aiming to reduce aircraft emissions in the hope of preventing any further increase in climate change and global warming. Within this scope, the present study intends to present a methodology for an optimum gas turbine engine selection with regard to emitted exhaust gases. The methodology focuses on five different turbofan engines which constitute the power unit of a commonly used passenger aircraft. At the end of the study, it is considered to be impossible to achieve a minimum exhaust emission for each gas. For this reason, it is considered to be better to optimize the engine with the aim of reducing nitrogen oxide emissions or other exhaust emissions.     

舰船舱室电磁环境仿真研究

利用电磁仿真软件FEKO,对舰船舱室进行了建模以及舱室内电磁环境的仿真计算,得出了舰船电磁环境随舰船甲板上天线数、天线到舱室距离以及天线发射功率变化的规律,并给出了其依赖关系。研究方法及结果可为军标中环境限值的制定及修正提供思路与借鉴。