Application of CFD Methods for Modelling in Air Pollution Problems: Possibilities and Gaps

Different urban air pollution problems deal with complex structure of air flows and turbulence. For such problems the Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods become widely used. However, this approach despite a number of advantages has some problems. Experience of use of CFD tools for development of models and suggestions of their applications for a local scale air pollution over a complex terrain and stable stratification are discussed in this paper, including: Topography and complex geometry: choose of the co-ordinate system and computer grid; Turbulence closure for air pollution modelling: modified k- model for stable stratified ABL; Boundary conditions for vertical profiles of velocity for stable-stratified atmosphere; Effects of the radiation and thermal budget of inclined surfaces to dispersion of pollutants; Artificial sources of air dynamics and circulation.Some examples of CFD applications for air pollution modelling for a flat terrain, mountainous area, mining open cast and indoor ventilation are discussed. Modified k- model for stably-stratified ABL is suggested. Due to the isotropic character of the k- model a combination of it in vertical with the sub-grid turbulence closure in horizontal can be more suitable for ABL. An effective scheme of boundary conditions for velocity profiles, based on the developed similarity theory for stable-stratified ABL, is suggested. Alongside with the common studies of atmospheric dispersion, the CFD methods have also demonstrated a good potential for studying anthropogenic and artificial-ventilation sources of air dynamic and circulation in local-scale processes of air pollution.     

Environmental regulatory compliance on army lands: A case study

A “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI) resulting from an environmental assessment (EA) was reported by the US Army in June 1986 for the construction and utilization of a multipurpose range complex (MPRC) at the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii. There was little public response, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service and state agencies were consulted and had few comments concerning the results of the botanical surveys used in the assessment. Construction of the $24 million project was begun in 1988. Near the end of construction in 1989 a lawsuit was filed to halt construction because an environmental impact statement (EIS) had not been done for the project, and the plaintiff thought that significant damage had occurred to several unusual ecosystems. Judgment was against the plaintiff and construction continued. An appeal was filed with the 9th Circuit Court. As MPRC construction was nearly complete, and on advice of Department of Justice lawyers, the Department of Army agreed to settle out of court. The settlement in part called for: (1) the plaintiff to drop the appeal and allow construction to be completed as scheduled, and (2) the Department of Army to prepare an EIS for the operation of the MPRC. A subsequent botanical survey for the EIS discovered one endangered plant species, four category 1 candidate plant species (taxa with sufficient data to support listing as endangered or threatened), three category 2 candidate plant species (taxa with some evidence of vulnerability but insufficient data to support listing at this time), one category 3a species (presumably extinct taxa), and possibly three undescribed species growing within the MPRC boundary. The MPRC case study is an excellent example of why the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) must be modified to require in-depth and thorough environmental surveys.     

建立绿色包装系统的可行性研究报告

笔者从我国包装的现状分析入手，探讨建立绿色包装系统的可行性和必要性，提出建立绿色包装系统的具体措施和实施方案。     

两性-阳离子复配修饰塿土对苯酚的吸附

研究了采用两性表面修饰剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)和阳离子表面修饰剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)复配修饰塿土后对苯酚的吸附反应和热力学特征,并探讨其吸附机理.结果表明,复配修饰后的土样对苯酚的吸附能力明显增强.20℃时表现为CK(原土)<50BS(50%BS-12)<100BS(100%BS-12)<50BS+25CT(50%BS-12+ 25%CTMAB)<100BS+25CT (100%BS-12+25%CTMAB)<50BS+ 50CT(50%BS-12+50% CTMAB)<100BS+50CT(100%BS-12+50%CTMAB), 40℃时表现为CK(原土)<50BS(50%BS-12)<100BS (100%BS- 12)<50BS+25CT(50%BS-12+25%CTMAB)<50BS+50CT(50%BS-12+50%CTMAB)<100BS+25CT(100%BS-12+25%CTMAB)<100BS+50CT (100%BS-12+50%CTMAB).其吸附等温线可用Henry模型描述.供试土样对苯酚的吸附呈现放热焓减反应特征,属于焓减控制的自发性过程.     

边坡爆破高度对边坡稳定性的影响

为了解爆破后由急倾斜且具有水平裂隙发育岩体组成的边坡稳定性及其内部破坏规律,最终总结出爆破高度对边坡稳定性的影响特征,使用基于颗粒流理论的PFC3D进行该工况模拟。利用PFC3D中的JSET和Bonds模拟非连续和连续性的岩体构造形式,以对实际的岩体中岩块和裂隙发育进行模拟。针对存在该类型构造发育边坡的实际工况,设置了13个爆破点的6个爆破方案进行模拟。研究了模拟结果表现出的边坡内部裂隙和位移随爆破高度的变化规律。其表明了对于同时起爆各爆破点而言,爆破高度越高爆破后边坡越稳定的结论,并分析了出现该现象的原因。说明了结论的普适性,同时该边坡实际的爆破情况也支持了该结论。     

基于复杂网络的燃气管线破裂灾害链风险分析*

为提高燃气管线突发事件应急处置决策水平和应急响应能力及效率,采用复杂网络理论和灾害链演化机理对燃气管线破裂灾害事件影响进行耦合分析,构建燃气管线破裂灾害链网络和风险评估模型,并计算得出燃气管线破裂灾害链风险度。为更准确地表达无传播路径的灾害事件之间的关系,将灾害网络中所有最短路径长度的最大值作为其最短路径长度,计算表明这种算法更符合灾害传播实际情况。结果表明:通过燃气管线破裂灾害链风险分析,能够为燃气管线灾害风险控制措施和方案制定提供参考,有利于提高燃气管线破裂灾害事件的应急处置能力和决策水平。     

COD_(Cr)测定中排除氯离子干扰的进一步探讨

废水中化学需氧量的测定采用重铬酸钾法［１］,大多数情况下都存在Ｃｌ－干扰,其排除方法用ＨｇＳＯ４掩蔽,通过实验探讨不用剧毒药品ＨｇＳＯ４掩蔽Ｃｌ－的干扰,而用ＣＯＤＣｒ总量减去Ｃｌ－的量。实验结果表明：当测定化学需氧量较低而Ｃｌ－含量高的水样时,即使采用掩蔽Ｃｌ－也会产生较大的误差,而用测定值减去０．２２６［Ｃｌ－］之值更接近真值。     

Prenatal diagnosis in two cases of de novo complex balanced chromosomal rearrangements. Three-year follow-up in one case

We report two cases of apparently balanced complex de novo chromosomal rearrangements (BCCR) detected prenatally at 17 weeks and 10 weeks of gestation, respectively. Chromosomes were studied using GTG-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). In one case four chromosomes and in the other case three chromosomes were involved in the rearrangements. One of the pregnancies was terminated and no external or internal abnormalities were detected at autopsy. The other pregnancy continued to term. Level III ultrasound examination showed no abnormalities. The child is now 3 years old and has neither congenital anomalies nor evidence of delayed psychomotor development.     

菌藻复合体系氮代谢性能及菌群特征

为了城市尾水深度脱氮,控制地表水体富营养化,利用分子生物学等方法,分别对脱氮复合菌群和藻菌共生系统的氮代谢性能进行研究.结果表明,氮代谢复合菌群具有较高氨化和反硝化性能.JZ组对城市尾水中氨氮的去除效果最好,降解率高达95%以上,在实验室模拟污水中JZ组系统总氮去除效果优于J组.高通量测序显示,J组主要优势菌群及占比分别为：厚壁菌门44.53%,变形菌门43.41%,放线菌门5.37%,类杆菌门3.04%,绿弯菌门1.35%;JZ组丰度主要优势菌群和占比分别为：蓝藻门33.89%,绿弯菌门25.34%,变形菌门19.38%,厚壁菌门10.02%,酸杆菌门4.20%;各优势物种在J组和JZ组比例不同,厚壁菌门分别为82%和18%,变形菌门为69%和31%,蓝藻门为1%和99%,绿弯菌门为5.1%和95%,放线菌门分别为73%和27%.表明JZ组在城市尾水中去除氨氮效果较好,J组氮代谢菌群随着微球藻加入和生长,JZ组氮代谢菌群构成随之发生变化,以适应优势藻类形成的环境,与微球藻构成新的菌藻氮代谢体系.研究结果为藻菌共代谢体系应用提供了理论和数据基础.     

区域空气质量模拟中查表法的应用研究

在自行开发完善的区域空气质量模式系统RegSRRMS中应用查表法,模拟中国典型城市群对流层大气主要污染物的浓度变化,评估该方法在大气复合污染事件预测和控制中的有效性.首先,利用具有国际先进水平的空气质量模式WRF-CHEM中的化学模块建立了包含完善气相化学、气溶胶过程的箱模式WRFBOX.其次,利用WRFBOX进行化学反应敏感性分析,基于影响污染物的重要因子分别建立了臭氧(O3)及其前体物、无机盐气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)查算表数据库,并检验其有效性.最后,将此查算表数据库引入RegSRRMS,建立简化的查表算法.利用直接耦合机制法和查表法对2000年3月珠三角地区污染个例中主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.通过比较2种方法的模拟结果,显示查表法计算效率提高了57%,能够反映大气光化学反应的非线性特征、气溶胶及其前体物的平衡关系,具有高分辨率、高时效性,能够方便快捷地给出源和受体之间的响应关系,结果可靠.在区域空气质量模式中应用查表法有利于大气污染事件的快速预测以及大气污染控制的快速决策.