豆腐柴叶胶冻形成条件及保鲜护色研究

从促凝剂、复配促凝剂、高温漂烫叶片、冷藏冷冻叶片4个方面对豆腐柴叶胶冻的形成条件做了探讨。结果表明,对豆腐柴叶汁的促凝效果最佳单一试剂为CaCO3,效果最佳的复配试剂为CaCO3-CaCl2,经95℃高温漂烫10s叶片或叶片汁液冷冻3个月后均能形成黄绿色的胶冻。     

不同形态铁盐的除磷效果

研究不同铁盐存在形态的铁盐类混凝剂,即三氯化铁(离子态铁)、聚合氯化铁(聚合态铁)和氢氧化铁(凝胶态铁),在混凝除磷性能方面的差异。以城市污水厂的二级出水为实验水样,进行混凝除磷性能研究。结果表明,二级出水总磷为1.74 mg/L,离子态铁投加量为40 mg/L时,对总磷的去除率为90%,混凝处理后上清液总磷可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中的一级A标准,聚合态铁对总磷的去除率为62%,凝胶态氢氧化铁的总磷去除率为59%,混凝处理后上清液总磷均不能满足GB18918-2002中的一级A标准。离子态氯化铁对污水厂二级出水的除磷效果优于聚合态,即铁离子的聚合形态会影响其除磷效果。     

粉煤灰制备混凝剂及其对黄河水的处理效果

以粉煤灰和铁泥为原料、加入一定量NaCl作助溶剂室温下制备粉煤灰混凝剂,考察酸灰比与酸浓度对Fe3+、Al3+溶出率及混凝剂对黄河水处理效果的影响。结果表明,Fe3+、Al3+的最佳溶出条件为酸灰比3 mL/g、HCl浓度4 mol/L,此时Fe3+溶出率为28.1%,浓度为11.81 g/L;Al3+溶出率为5.2%,浓度为1.86 g/L。粉煤灰混凝剂对黄河水的处理效果在投加量2.38 mL/L、沉降时间30 min、pH 6.2～7.5时最佳,对浊度、SS和CODMn平均去除率分别为89.7%、83.6%和62.3%,优于传统市售混凝剂PAC和FC,Fe3+、Al3+同时存在有利于各自优势的发挥从而提高混凝效果。     

Virus inactivation during coagulation with aluminum coagulants

We used the bacteriophages Qβ and MS2 to determine whether viruses are inactivated by aluminum coagulants during the coagulation process. We performed batch coagulation and filtration experiments with virus-containing solutions. After filtering the supernatant of the coagulated solution through a membrane with a pore size of 50 nm, we measured the virus concentration by both the plaque forming unit (PFU) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The virus concentration determined by the PFU method, which determines the infectious virus concentration, was always lower than that determined by the PCR-based method, which determines total virus concentration, regardless of infectivity. This discrepancy can be explained by the formation of aggregates consisting of several virus particles or by the inactivation of viruses in the coagulation process. The former possibility can be discounted because (i) aggregates of several virus particles would not pass through the 50-nm pores of the filtration membrane, and (ii) our particle size measurements revealed that the virus particles in the membrane filtrate were monodispersed. These observations clearly showed that non-infectious Qβ particles were present in the membrane filtrate after the coagulation process with aluminum coagulants. We subsequently revealed that the viruses lost their infectivity after being mixed with hydrolyzing aluminum species during the coagulation process.     

铝盐混凝剂的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系研究

研究了氯化铝、硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(poly-aluminum chloride, PAC)3种铝盐混凝剂在腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样中的应用,以比较3种混凝剂在该水样中的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系.结果表明, 3种铝盐混凝剂在试验选取的投加量下对浊度和UV254的去除率最高可达90%左右,PAC能在较高的投加量下达到较好的混凝效果;较高投加量下PAC混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝含量为0.9 mg/L左右,余铝率为-3.0%左右,均明显低于传统的铝盐混凝剂;3种混凝剂混凝处理腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样时,残留铝均大部分以溶解性总铝的形式存在,且溶解性有机铝在总溶解性铝中所占比例较大;PAC在腐殖酸-高岭土混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝的含量下降最快,且能够有效降低出水中毒性较大的溶解性铝的含量,其混凝沉淀出水中残留总溶解性铝含量为0.6 mg/L左右.     

聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂硅铁反应过程研究

以水玻璃、硫酸亚铁及氯酸钠为原料,用共聚法制备不同Si/Fe比的聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂(PSF0.5、PSF1、PSF3分别指Si/Fe摩尔比为0.5、1、3),同时监测制备过程中pH的变化,并就不同共聚反应时间的样品,分别采用X-射线衍射法(XRD)、紫外吸收(UVA)扫描法、透射电镜法(TEM)、光子相关光谱法(PCS)及红外光谱法(IR)对其反应过程的微观品质进行多方面表征.结果表明,PSF是硅铁反应的共聚物,而不是简单的原料复配.不同Si/Fe比的PSF具有不同的硅铁成键速度、成键方式及成键稳定性,低Si/Fe比主要生成以Si—O—Fe—O—Fe—O—Si键络合的物种,而高Si/Fe比主要生成以Si—O—Fe—O—Si—O—Si键络合的物种,Fe—O—Fe键的形成速度快并且与Si—O—Fe键的形成可能有相互促进作用,而Si—O—Si键(硅酸聚合)形成速度慢并且与Si—O—Fe键的形成可能有相互阻碍作用,Fe—O—Fe键的稳定性比Si—O—Fe或Si—O—Si键差.对于PSF中硅铁不同成键模式的分析为合成高性能、高稳定性的硅酸铁类混凝剂以及为优势形态控制提供了一定的理论基础.     

复合混凝剂CAF的研制与净水效果试验

以天然物质甲壳素制备壳聚糖,并用壳聚糖、聚合铝和三氯化铁制成了复合混凝剂ＣＡＦ。详细介绍了制备甲壳素、壳聚糖、ＣＡＦ的工艺流程和最佳工艺参数,试验结果表明,ＣＡＦ的净水效果明显优于无机混凝剂聚合铝和三氯化铁。     

新型鼓风炉铁泥基混凝剂的制备及应用研究

研究在鼓风炉铁泥中加入适量的粉煤灰和助溶剂HS,在90℃温度下搅拌浸取2.5h后,制得集物理吸附和化学混凝为一体的混凝剂.这种混凝剂与PSA絮凝剂配合用于制革和纺织印染废水的处理,与传统混凝剂相比,COD和色度的去除率均提高30%左右.其显著特点是混凝沉降速度快,污泥体积小,处理废水费用低,并结合显微照片探讨了混凝剂对废水的混凝沉降机理.     

新型混凝剂在废水处理中的应用研究

自行研发出一种新型混凝剂,它能广泛应用于印染废水、生活污水和餐饮废水等的处理。经过一步强化混凝处理后,各种废水的COD、色度和浊度等均有良好的去除效果。混凝污泥可以再生重复利用。     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.