Alum split applications strengthened phosphorus fixation and phosphate sorption in high legacy phosphorus calcareous soil

High phosphorus (P) saturation arising from historic P inputs to protected vegetable fields (PVFs) drives high P mobilisation to waterbodies. Amendment of soils with alum has shown potential in terms of fixing labile P and protecting water quality. The present 15 month pot experiment investigated P stabilisation across single alum application (Alum-1 treatment, 20 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before the maize was sown), alum split applications (Alum-4 treatment, 5 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before each crop was sown i.e. 4 × 5 g/kg) and soil only treatment (Control). Results showed that the Alum-1 treatment caused the strongest stabilisation of soil labile P after maize plant removal, whereas the P stabilisation effect was gradually weakened due to the transformation of soil non-labile P to labile P and the reduced active Al³⁺ in soil solution. For the Alum-4 treatment, soil labile P decreased gradually with each crop planting and was lower than the Alum-1 treatment at the end of the final crop removal, without any impairment on plant growth. The better P stabilisation at the end of Alum-4 treatment was closely correlated with a progressive supply of Al³⁺ and a gradual decrease of pH, which resulted in higher contents of poorly-crystalline Al, Fe and exchangeable Ca. These aspects were conducive to increasing the soil P stabilisation and phosphate sorption. In terms of management, growers in continuous cropping systems could utilise split alum applications as a strategy to alleviate P losses in high-P enriched calcareous soil.     

铝阳极电凝聚处理活性红241动力学分析

在一个序批式反应器中,以铝作阳极、不锈钢作阴极,考察了电流密度、初始pH值、电解质浓度及种类、温度、染料浓度因素对电凝聚处理活性红241动力学过程的影响。结果表明,电凝聚处理活性红241遵循均一级动力学方程;电流强度、染料浓度、电解液初始pH值、氯化钠电解质浓度、温度对染料溶液脱色速率常数的影响显著,而硫酸钠电解质浓度则影响不明显;在电凝聚处理过程中,主要作用机理是以铝离子的单核水解产物与染料络合作用占主导地位。     

用流动电流技术研究聚硅氯化铝混凝剂的电动特性

采用流动电流（SC）技术,研究比较了聚硅氯化铝（PASC）与聚合氯化铝（PAC）的电动特性．研究结果表明,在PASC中,由于带负电荷的聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物间的相互作用,使得PASC的电中和能力较PAC有所下降,其下降程度与PASC的碱化度（B）和Al/Si摩尔比密切相关,B值和Al/Si摩尔比越小,则PASC的电中和能力就越弱．制备工艺对PASC的电中和能力略有影响.     

镁铝水滑石对直接冻黄的吸附性能研究

以硫酸镁和氯化铝为原料,按照镁铝摩尔比3∶1制备了镁铝水滑石,并通过镁铝水滑石处理直接冻黄染料模拟废水的条件实验,研究了固体投加量、废水初始pH值和反应时间对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,镁铝水滑石对直接冻黄染料具有良好的吸附效果,对于70 mg/L直接冻黄溶液,镁铝水滑石投加量为2.5 g/L,pH值为10.5,反应时间为20 min,脱色率可达96.46%。     

Using Multiple Chemical Criteria for Critical Loads of Acidity in Maritime Regions

Critical loads have become a well-establishedpart of the work programme of the UnitedNations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Conventionon Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Thelinking of ecosystem response to deposition level is thecentral principal of the critical loads approach. Foreach ecosystem, a biological indicator is chosen, asuitable chemical criterion selected and a criticalchemical limit assigned. The Bc:Al ratio is the mostwidely used chemical criterion for setting criticalloads. However, critical loads based on this criterionare very sensitive to marine deposition. In regions whichreceive high depositions of marine-derived base cations,such as the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and the UnitedKingdom (UK), critical loads based on the Bc:Al criterionwill inevitably be high. Therefore, it is proposed thatcritical loads are estimated using multiple chemicalcriteria with appropriate critical limits to protect thechosen biological indicators. The range of publishedchemical criteria have been applied to the ROI and theUK. The chemical criterion corresponding to the mostsensitive critical load have been mapped and thecontribution of each to the final maps investigated. Thesimulations indicate that the most sensitive criteria forsetting critical loads are based on specifying critical Hor Al concentrations. However, the choice of critical limits andmodel parameters will ultimately effect the criticalloads. Therefore, it is important that appropriate criticallimits are chosen to protect the biological indicator andreceptor ecosystem from long-term damage.     

不同菌株培养顺序对添加铁铝锰氧化物白浆土腐殖质组成的影响

文章旨在探索巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和灰色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseus)3种菌株、6种培养顺序在添加铁、铝、锰氧化物情况下对混有木质素白浆土腐殖质组成的差异影响.采用室内培养法,在针铁矿、三羟铝石和δ-MnO_2参与条件下,通过6种菌株培养顺序的设置,探讨其对木质素白浆土混料腐殖质组成的影响.结果表明:基于针铁矿添加条件,在以巨大芽孢杆菌为Ⅰ期培养菌株时更有利于白浆土腐殖化系数(CHA/CFA)的促进.而在针铁矿和δ-MnO_2添加条件下,A.niger→S.griseus→B.megaterium的培养顺序更有利于白浆土胡敏酸(HA)向富里酸(FA)的转化.基于三羟铝石添加条件,灰色链霉菌为Ⅰ期培养菌株时更有利于白浆土CHA/CFA的促进,而以巨大芽孢杆菌为Ⅰ期培养菌株时可使CHA/CFA降低;除S.griseus→A.niger→B.megaterium外的5种菌株培养顺序,δ-MnO_2均能有效促进白浆土HA的降解、使其分子结构更加简单;无论哪一菌株培养顺序,针铁矿均有利于微生物对混料胡敏素(Hu)的矿化,δ-MnO_2可使混料总有机碳(TOC)发生较大程度矿化;与对照相比,δ-MnO_2亦可促进微生物对混料水溶性物质(WSS)的消耗,且对可提取腐殖酸(HE)的形成有促进作用.     

石英Al心和Ti-Li心电子自旋共振信号测年结果对比：以腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中沉积物为例

早—中更新世沉积年代的确定是第四纪研究领域亟待解决的难题,电子自旋共振（ESR）测年法为该时段沉积物定年提供了可能。但已有的研究发现：石英Ti心和Al心ESR信号完全衰退“回零”或达到较稳定“残留”所需时间较长,因而其可信性备受质疑。本研究选取腾格里沙漠白碱湖地区BJ14钻孔中5个不同深度的沉积物,分别基于其中石英Ti心和Al心信号进行了ESR定年。测年结果显示：（1）2个样品基于Al心ESR信号与基于Ti-Li心ESR信号的测年结果在年龄误差范围内一致,其它3个样品Al心ESR测年结果较Ti-Li心测年结果偏老200—500 ka;（2）与该孔的古地磁测年结果对比表明,石英Ti-Li心ESR测年结果相对可靠。上述研究结果表明石英Ti-Li心的ESR测年结果至少能提供中更新世更为可信的沉积年龄。     

超声协同非均相类Fenton反应氧化去除苯酚

用CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃为催化剂超声协同非均相类Fenton催化氧化去除苯酚,考察了H₂O₂浓度,催化剂用量,pH值,超声功率,不同工艺条件对苯酚去除率的影响,及催化剂使用过程中铜的溶出情况.通过XPS（X射线光电子能谱）、SEM（扫描电镜）、BET（Brunauer-Emmett-Teller）表征了催化剂使用过程有无超声的表面状态变化.结果表明,在pH值6.0,H₂O₂浓度1650mg/L,催化剂用量3.5g/L,功率500W的条件下,苯酚模拟废水去除率为99.65%,不同工艺去除苯酚的能力顺序为US/H₂O₂/CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃,H₂O₂/CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃,US/CuO-Ce/Al₂O₃,US/H₂O₂,US.催化剂比表面积、孔径孔容、活性组分表面含量是影响催化剂活性性能的重要原因,超声作用能够加速活性组分的溶出,但同时延缓比表面积、碳沉积、孔体积的恶化过程.     

两种铈锆-氧化铝载体对载Pd催化剂性能的影响

分别以柠檬酸溶胶法和浸渍法制备了两种三氧化二铝负载的铈锆复合氧化物(CZ/A),考察了它们对载Pd三效催化剂性能的影响.发现柠檬酸法样品催化氧化CO和C3H6的活性大大优于浸渍法样品,NO的转化活性二者接近.表征结果显示,在柠檬酸法样品中,CZ以紧密的片层状结构覆盖在氧化铝上,而在浸渍法样品中,CZ呈疏松的颗粒状,这就导致在柠檬酸法样品样品上CZ具有更大的分散度,近而具有更多的Pd-CZ活性位.而且,对于柠檬酸法样品,高温老化后铈锆晶相稳定,无晶相分离,比表面积下降较小,催化剂自身的氧化还原性能更好.这些都使其表现出了更好的催化活性,特别是氧化活性.     

冷喷涂Ni/Al2O3复合涂层在海洋大气环境下的腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究海洋大气环境对冷喷涂Ni/Al2O3复合涂层腐蚀损伤行为的影响,为提高合金钢的耐腐蚀性能提供依据.方法 采用冷喷涂技术在合金钢30CrMnSi表面制备Ni/Al2O3复合涂层,在万宁近海岸户外和海洋平台分别暴露6个月后,采用扫描电镜、电化学工作站等分析检测技术,研究Ni/Al2O3复合涂层在万宁海洋大气环境下...