Recovery of Acidified Streams in Forests Treated by Total Catchment Liming

Reduced emissions of acidifying pollutants have changed the acidification process, and as a result, forest soils and surface waters are slowly recovering in Sweden. However, model calculations show that some areas may never recover completely unless further measures, such as liming, are undertaken. Liming of surface waters (lakes, rivers and wetlands) has been successfully practised in Sweden since the 1970s, but repeated treatments are necessary. A full recovery of acidified lakes and streams without frequent liming is however not possible until soil acidification is reversed in the most strongly affected areas. In this study, the recovery of acidified streams was examined using ‘the total catchment approach’ i.e. treatment of both recharge and discharge areas. The aim was to compare the quantitative effect of different treatments on run off chemistry and the recovery of brown trout. Catchments in southwest Sweden were treated with a combination of 2 tons of wood ash and 4, 6 or 12 tons of crushed limestone per hectare in 1998/1999. Treatment of both recharge and discharge areas resulted in fast and significant changes in stream water quality, e.g. increased concentrations of calcium, higher pH and ANC and a decreased concentration of inorganic aluminium. The initial changes were dependent on the distribution of the applied lime between discharge and recharge areas rather than the average dose on the total catchment. Treatment of recharge areas only, resulted in smaller but still significant effects on calcium, pH and ANC in stream water. Furthermore, there was an initial leaching of nitrate but it was only minor compared with the elevated leaching that occurs after a clear-cut. As a result of the treatments, brown trout is now successfully reproducing. Olle Westling (deceased).     

在Ru/Al2O3催化剂上用H2对SO2选择性催化还原的研究

本文对用H2来使SO2选择性催化还原为单质硫在Ru/Al2O3催化剂上的行为进行研究.当物料比经过优化确定为SO2/H2=12.8时,在500℃下,SO2的转化率为90%以上,单质硫的产率为70%左右.比较于其他的催化还原SO2的催化剂,本催化剂采用金属而不是金属硫化物,这样既省去了催化剂预硫化的过程,同时也使在有氧条件下的选择性催化还原成为可能.实验考察了O2及水蒸气存在对过程的影响.在实验过程中发现,H2S作为中间产物生成,可推论该过程在催化剂上分两步进行SO2首先在催化剂金属上被H2深度还原为H2S,然后在Al2O3载体的酸性中心上SO2与H2S发生Claus反应产生单质硫.     

羟基镁铝复合物对于水体中镉的去除研究

近年来,由于受到各种工业废水和固体废弃物的影响,使得水体中的重金属含量不断上升,镉污染就是受关注度较高的一种重金属污染,居民若长期食用含镉稻米或含镉水,会引发骨痛病,严重时还会危害人体生命健康。羟基镁铝复合物是在强化混凝过程中形成的,是一种较好的复合材料,能够有效去除水体中的镉。本次主要研究这种材料对于Cd离子的去除效果,可以得出如下结论：pH、混凝剂Al13是较关键的影响因素,这些因素均影响着羟基镁铝复合物的形成情况以及其对于Cd离子的去除效果。通过一些表征说明,镁铝复合物的形态呈无定形,比表面积较大,成分也较复杂,并且在一定pH保证下,聚合度较高的Al13形成复合物的颗粒较大,对于Cd离子的去除起到积极的促进作用。     

铝胁迫下外源钙对外生菌根真菌抗氧化保护酶活性的影响

采用液体培养方法,研究了4个不同菌株(Bo 02、Bo 15、Pt 715和Sl 08)的抗铝性及其在铝胁迫下加入0、0.25、0.5、1.0 mmol.-1L-1Ca2+处理后抗氧化保护酶活性的变化,旨在了解钙在缓解外生菌根真菌铝毒方面的作用.结果表明,不同菌株抗铝性不同,Pt 715和Sl 08的抗铝性强于Bo 02和Bo 15.铝胁迫可显著提高外生菌根真菌Bo 02 CAT和SOD活性、Bo 15SOD活性、Sl 08 CAT和POD活性,说明外生菌根真菌中这几种酶活性的提高与铝毒胁迫密切相关.4个菌株中,Bo 02酶活性对外源钙最敏感,外源钙对Bo 02铝胁迫的缓解作用最好.较高浓度的钙(≥0.5 mmol.L-1)可缓解或消除Sl 08铝胁迫造成的抗氧化酶活性上升.     

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) hydrolysis: Theoretical and experimental studies

In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. First, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4 degrees C were calculated from that at 25 degrees C. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)24(7+)(Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4 degrees C caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25 degrees C, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4 degrees C, All3 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4 degrees C in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25 degrees C.     

成都站金属材料土壤腐蚀原位测试研究

通过对成都材料土壤腐蚀试验站金属材料腐蚀电位、腐蚀率及土壤环境因素的原位连续测试及定期测量土壤微生物方法,研究了碳钢、铝、铜、铅的土壤腐蚀规律。探讨了土壤环境因素及土壤微生物变化规律对金属材料的腐蚀影响。     

PACl-Al30絮凝剂研究现状和展望

具30个铝原子的Al30是继Al13之后新发现的一种高铝聚合形态,与Al13类似,具Keggin结构,也被认为是聚合氯化铝(PACl)中的新型优势混凝形态。文章从PACl发展的视角,对Al30形态的合成、鉴定以及混凝作用进行了综述,并就高Al30的合成、新型Al30复合硅絮凝剂的开发以及其表征和混凝机理研究等三个方面作出了有关展望。     

H-ZSM-5分子筛吸附-氧化NOx的研究

针对湿法脱硫后船舶尾气特点,考察了3种不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛对船舶脱硫后尾气中NO_x的吸附-氧化过程及其影响因素,并采用TPD研究了干气下不同硅铝比的分子筛吸附饱和后的脱附情况.结果表明:干气条件下,硅铝比低的分子筛具有较好的吸附效果;硅铝比高的分子筛具有较好的抗水性,但从干气到饱和湿度下,硅铝比为300的分子筛的NO氧化率从36%降至18%;干气下,低温有利于分子筛的吸附-氧化;分子筛用量增加能够增加其对NO_x的吸附效果和氧化效果.TPD结果表明:NO和NO2共吸附在分子筛上,3种分子筛中脱附出的NO_x中NO2均占脱附总量的80%以上,但在600℃时,NO_x在分子筛上脱附仍不完全.     

Utilization of aluminum hydroxide waste generated in fluoride adsorption and coagulation processes for adsorptive removal of cadmium ion

Although Al-based coagulation and adsorption processes have been proved highly efficient for fluoride (F) removal, the two processes both generate large amount of Al(OH)₃ solid waste containing F (Al(OH)₃-F). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing Al(OH)₃-F generated in Al(OH)₃ adsorption (Al(OH)₃-F_ads) and coagulation (Al(OH)₃-F_coag) for the adsorption of cadmium ion (Cd(II)). The adsorption capacity of Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag for Cd(II) was similar as that of pristine aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), being of 24.39 and 19.90 mg·g^–1, respectively. The adsorption of Cd(II) onto Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag was identified to be dominated by ion-exchange with sodium ion (Na⁺) or hydrogen ion (H⁺), surface microprecitation, and electrostatic attraction. The maximum concentration of the leached fluoride from Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag is below the Chinese Class-I IndustrialWastewater Discharge Standard for fluoride (<10 mg·L^–1). This study demonstrates that the Al(OH)₃ solid wastes generated in fluoride removal process could be potentially utilized as a adsorbent for Cd(II) removal.