基于技术的水泥工业大气颗粒物排放清单

针对我国水泥工业的生产技术及生产过程中的大气颗粒物排放控制技术分类,建立了一个基于技术、自下而上的大气颗粒物排放模型.通过分析我国水泥工业不同生产工艺所占比重的历史变化趋势,以及不同时期水泥工业大气颗粒物控制标准的影响,利用此模型计算了1990-2004年全国水泥工业大气颗粒物的排放系数和排放量.我国水泥工业的大气颗粒物的排放系数由1990年的27.9 kg·t-1水泥下降至2004年的8.05 kg·t-1水泥;大气颗粒物排放量自1990年起逐年增加,于1997年达到最高值l 044×104t,其中PM10排放量为716 X 104 t,PM2 5排放量为436×104t;此后逐年降低,到2001年后又有缓慢增加.我国水泥工业大气颗粒物排放量的地理分布很不均衡,山东、广东、河北、江苏、浙江和河南的排放量超过了全国总排放量的50%.新型干法水泥生产线替代立窑生产线的进程以及2004年<水泥工业大气污染物排放标准>的颁布将很可能大幅降低我国水泥工业的大气颗粒物排放量,从而在很大程度上影响我国的大气颗粒物污染特征.     

基于关键种理论的孝义生态产业链的构建

文章在关键种概念的基础上,提出了关键产业的概念,总结了关键产业在生态工业园中发挥的作用和特点,并以关键种理论为指导,构建了以炼焦行业为关键产业的孝义生态产业链。     

江西省环保产业发展趋势研究

本文运用历年江西省环保产业调查数据,分析江西省环境保护及相关产业发展历程和现状,研究了江西省环境保护及相关产业的发展特点,指出环保产业发展存在的问题并研究产业发展趋势。     

小麦燃料乙醇循环产业生态足迹分析

为提高循环产业研究结果的可比性,以小麦燃料乙醇生产为例,采用生态足迹方法对各子系统的生态占用、资源循环利用和污染排放等进行分析.小麦燃料乙醇循环产业包括农业生产、乙醇生产、循环生产和废物处理4个子系统.结果表明:小麦燃料乙醇循环产业链的延长将增加生态足迹,其中农业生产子系统生态足迹占系统生态足迹的比例最大,主要是因为该子系统中耕地占用较大;生态足迹的经济效益随产业链的延长而增加,说明延长产业链可以提高资源利用效率;循环生产和废物处理子系统解决了乙醇生产过程中环境污染问题;系统的能源足迹和水足迹占用比例较大,应考虑降低能耗和水耗.结果也表明,生态足迹评价方法能够全面反映循环产业各子系统资源利用和环境污染状况,是评价循环产业系统的有效手段.      

北京市大气颗粒物及其铅的来源识别和解析

2005年9月—2006年9月,在北京的北郊(昌平区)、城区和南郊(房山区)3个采样点位共采集总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品166个. 用ICP-AES和ICP-MS方法测量Pb等29个无机元素. 应用正矩阵因子分析方法识别的TSP的3组主要来源为土壤扬尘源、建筑源和燃煤源;2组次要来源为有色冶金源和燃油源. 北京市大气颗粒物中Pb的2个主要来源为燃煤源和有色冶金源,分别占总量的19%～39%和49%～62%;次要来源有土壤扬尘源和建筑源,分别占总量的2%～4%和7%～8%. 北京市北郊、城区和南郊的ρ(Pb)年均值分别为102,142和179 ng/m3. 燃煤源排放的铅分布比较均衡,在3个采样点位ρ(Pb)大体持平;而有色冶金源排放的铅有明显的采样点位差异,具有南高北低的趋势,这提示有色冶金源的主要方位是在北京的南边. 北京市大气ρ(Pb)有可观的下降空间. 铅排放削减和有关环境管理措施的主要对象应为涉铅的有色冶金行业. 对原料煤中铅含量的监测、控制和管理也应予以重视.      

江西省环境保护及相关产业发展现状分析——2011年江西省环境保护及相关产业调查结果分析

本文在2011年江西省环境保护及相关产业调查的基础上,分析了2011年江西省环保产业调查情况与发展状况,总结了江西环保及相关产发展特点。     

上海市专项化学品制造行业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势研究

选取上海市某工业区内专项化学品制造行业中有代表性的10家企业,使用苏玛罐对各企业有组织排放废气进行采样,通过GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用仪）对106种VOCs进行分析,研究了专项化学品制造行业的VOCs排放特征,并使用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法计算了各企业排放VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明:OVOCs（含氧挥发性有机物）和芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的VOCs特征组分,OVOCs与芳香烃质量分数之和为65.0%~100.0%;8家企业排放的VOCs中质量分数最高的物种均为OVOCs,w（OVOCs）为55.8%~99.9%.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等OVOCs及苯、甲苯等芳香烃是专项化学品制造行业的特征物种.10家企业排放VOCs的OFP（臭氧生成潜势）为1.9~933.5 mg/m 3,OVOCs和芳香烃是专项化学品制造企业的主要活性组分,累计对OFP的贡献率在80.1%~100.0%之间.异丙醇、四氢呋喃、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲基异丁基酮、苯和甲苯等是专项化学品制造行业的关键活性物种.研究显示,专项化学品制造行业VOCs污染治理应重点控制OVOCs和芳香烃.      

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水应急预处理工艺筛选

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水具有成分复杂、高有机物、高氨氮、高毒性等特点.本文针对该爆炸事故污水难处理的特点,选择了粉末活性炭-活性污泥（PAC-AS）、活性炭吸附、水解酸化-A²O 3种工艺开展预处理研究.结果表明,PAC-AS工艺可显著去除事故污水中的有机污染物;总有机碳去除率达到96.50%,比另外两种工艺分别高77.68%和11.41%;而氨氮去除率为65.03%,比另外两种工艺分别高51.37%和3.92%.PAC-AS工艺成功应用于事故污水处理工程,实现了全部20580.00 m³事故污水的妥善预处理,累计削减COD 21260.71 kg、氨氮209.41 kg,且出水水质稳定.     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.     

某工业区夏季环境空气质量变化的小波分析

小波分析可以分解出时-频信号,因此适用于对时变信号的局部分析.基于此,小波分析已在包括环境科学等多个领域中得到广泛应用.运用Daubenchies小波,对某工业区2002年和2004年夏季环境空气中SO2浓度进行了分析.结果表明,引起该工业区2004年夏季SO2浓度上升的主导因素是大范围时空尺度环境空气质量的变化;而该工业区内部局地污染源的污染贡献率下降,表明其环境综合整治取得了成效.