焦化废水对蚕豆和大麦毒性的影响

以COD作为主要参照指标,研究了焦化废水在符合GB 13456-92<钢铁工业水污染物排放标准>焦化一级、二级排放标准限值要求时,对蚕豆和大麦幼根生长、根尖细胞遗传毒性的影响.结果表明:在实验周期内,焦化废水对蚕豆幼根根长、根重和有丝分裂指数的影响不大;对大麦幼根根重无明显影响,而对大麦根长和有丝分裂指数有促进作用.焦...     

单一重金属污染对灯心草生长及重金属积累特性的影响

盆栽试验结果表明:在设置的低浓度范围内,Cd、Pb、Cu能够刺激灯心草的生长。而As(地上部除外)、Zn在整个浓度设置范围内对灯心草的生长都表现出抑制作用,且各重金属对灯心草地下部生物量影响不显著。各重金属对灯心草生长抑制程度为:Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd。以灯心草生物量减产10%为依据,将土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu3种重金属临界值分别设定为10、100、100~200 mg.kg-1。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植,土壤中As临界值尚需作进一步的研究来确定。除Cd外,其余4种重金属主要累积于灯心草根部。回归分析表明,Cd、Pb在灯心草地上和地下部以及As在灯心草地下部的积累量与土壤中各重金属添加量之间存在显著线性关系(P<0.05)。     

ClO2和碳水化合物水平对中国明对虾存活和生长的影响

研究了盐度为5条件下,ClO2和碳水化合物水平对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)存活和生长的影响,共两个实验:实验1研究了ClO2(0、1、4、7、10、13、16、19和22 mg/L)对中国明对虾存活的影响,发现随ClO2浓度的升高,对虾存活率呈下降趋势;在24、48、72和96 h,LC50分别为21.04、13.32、10.91和8.26 mg/L,安全浓度为1.60 mg/L.实验2研究了ClO2(0.0、0.2、0.4和0.6 mg/L)和饲料中碳水化合物水平(13.89和41.76%)对中国明对虾存活和生长的影响,发现在两个碳水化合物水平,随ClO2浓度的升高,对虾存活率、特定生长率、摄食量和吸收效率均呈下降趋势,而饲料系数呈上升趋势;在四个ClO2水平,摄食13.89%碳水化合物对虾的特定生长率、摄食量和吸收效率均高于摄食41.76%碳水化合物的对虾,而摄食13.89%碳水化合物对虾的饲料系数低于摄食41.76%碳水化合物的对虾.     

自然资源的库兹涅茨曲线:来自中国省级面板数据的证据

本文运用1978-2011年我国30个省份的面板数据,对我国省级层面资源丰裕度与经济增长的关系进行了检验.研究发现,我国省级层面资源丰裕度与经济增长之间的关系并不是单一线性的,而是一种非线性的动态演变关系.当使用其他资源丰裕度和经济增长的指标进行稳健性检验,这种强烈的非线性关系仍然存在.更进一步,对自然资源作用经济增长的机制进行实证检验,结果显示:长期中丰裕的自然资源会通过降低人力资本和物质资本的投资对经济结构产生“诅咒”;恶化政府与市场的关系、阻碍非国有经济的发展、中介组织的发育和法律的完善等,从而对政治制度产生“诅咒”.     

A provider-based water planning and management model--WaterSim 4.0--for the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Uncertainty in future water supplies for the Phoenix Metropolitan Area (Phoenix) are exacerbated by the near certainty of increased, future water demands; water demand may increase eightfold or more by 2030 for some communities. We developed a provider-based water management and planning model for Phoenix termed WaterSim 4.0. The model combines a FORTRAN library with Microsoft C# to simulate the spatial and temporal dynamics of current and projected future water supply and demand as influenced by population demographics, climatic uncertainty, and groundwater availability. This paper describes model development and rationale. Water providers receive surface water, groundwater, or both depending on their portfolio. Runoff from two riverine systems supplies surface water to Phoenix while three alluvial layers that underlie the area provide groundwater. Water demand was estimated using two approaches. One approach used residential density, population projections, water duties, and acreage. A second approach used per capita water consumption and separate population growth estimates. Simulated estimates of initial groundwater for each provider were obtained as outputs from the Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) Salt River Valley groundwater flow model (GFM). We compared simulated estimates of water storage with empirical estimates for modeled reservoirs as a test of model performance. In simulations we modified runoff by 80%-110% of the historical estimates, in 5% intervals, to examine provider-specific responses to altered surface water availability for 33 large water providers over a 25-year period (2010-2035). Two metrics were used to differentiate their response: (1) we examined groundwater reliance (GWR; that proportion of a providers' portfolio dependent upon groundwater) from the runoff sensitivity analysis, and (2) we used 100% of the historical runoff simulations to examine the cumulative groundwater withdrawals for each provider. Four groups of water providers were identified, and discussed. Water portfolios most reliant on Colorado River water may be most sensitive to potential reductions in surface water supplies. Groundwater depletions were greatest for communities who were either 100% dependent upon groundwater (urban periphery), or nearly so, coupled with high water demand projections. On-going model development includes linking WaterSim 4.0 to the GFM in order to more precisely model provider-specific estimates of groundwater, and provider-based policy options that will enable "what-if" scenarios to examine policy trade-offs and long-term sustainability of water portfolios.     

Effects of landfill gas on subtropical woody plants

An account is given of the influence of landfill gas on tree growth in the field at Gin Drinkers' Bay (GDB) landfill, Hong Kong, and in the laboratory. Ten species (Acacia confusa, Albizzia lebbek, Aporusa chinensis, Bombax malabaricum, Castanopsis fissa, Liquidambar formosana, Litsea glutinosa, Machilus breviflora, Pinus elliottii, andTristania conferta), belonging to eight families, were transplanted to two sites, one with a high concentration of landfill gas in the cover soil (high-gas site, HGS) and the other with a relatively low concentration of gas (low-gas site, LGS). Apart from the gaseous composition, the general soil properties were similar. A strong negative correlation between tree growth and landfill gas concentration was observed. A laboratory study using the simulated landfill gas to fumigate seedlings of the above species showed that the adventitious root growth ofAporusa chinensis, Bombax malabaricum, Machilus breviflora, andTristania confera was stimulated by the gas, with shallow root systems being induced.Acacia confusa, Albizzia lebbek, andLitsea glutinosa were gas-tolerant, while root growth ofCastanopsis fissa, Liquidambar formosana, andPinus elliottii was inhibited. In most cases, shoot growth was not affected, exceptions beingBombax malabaricum, Liquidambar formosana, andTristania conferta, where stunted growth and/or reduced foliation was observed. A very high CO₂ concentration in cover soil limits the depth of the root system. Trees with a shallow root system become very susceptible to water stress. The effects of low O₂ concentration in soil are less important than the effects of high CO₂ concentration.Acacia confusa, Albizzia lebbek, andTristania conferta are suited for growth on subtropical completed landfills mainly due to their gas tolerance and/or drought tolerance.     

北京地区基于化学组分的夏季气溶胶吸湿特性

利用吸湿增长光散射测量系统、黑碳仪和气相色谱质谱联用仪等仪器,于2019年7月15日~8月4日在北京地区开展了为期21d的大气气溶胶观测实验.观测期间北京市区于7月27日出现短暂的轻度污染,并在7月29日出现强降水天气.结果显示：北京市区夏季大气污染变化剧烈且短暂,大气气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子f（RH）呈现平滑连续的特点,并且降水会对f（RH）造成显著影响.7月27日PM_2.5的平均质量浓度为（92.54±47.05）μg/m³;,表现出较为剧烈的污染变化.7月28~30日平均散射吸湿增长因子f（80%±1%）分别为（1.50±0.35）,（1.43±0.36）和（1.48±0.25）,反映了降水对于大气气溶胶的湿清除作用.最后利用实验数据估算粒径吸湿增长因子gf（RH）,并建模研究f（RH）和gf（RH）的关系,模型精度R²最高可达0.698.     

污泥减量化技术研究进展与发展趋势

污泥的处理与处置已成为国内外污水处理厂的沉重负担,污泥减量成为解决此问题的重要途径。针对污泥处理处置过程中的环境问题和经济效益,在隐性生长、代谢解偶联、微型动物捕食作用等方面阐述了在水处理方面污泥减量化技术的研究进展,综述了污泥减量技术的研究应用现状,同时探讨了各技术存在的问题及其重点发展方向。     

藻类水体Cd2+毒性快速监测新方法研究

采用藻类生长抑制试验和光合活性抑制试验两种方法对蛋白核小球藻受不同浓度Cd2+胁迫作用下叶绿素浓度及藻活性荧光参数进行测量,依据Sigmoidal曲线拟合及单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)的方法对Cd2+不同胁迫时间下藻活性抑制率和96 h比生长率抑制率的相关性进行研究.结果表明,48、53、72、77和96 h的藻活性抑制率和96 h比生长率抑制率间具有较好的S函数关系(R2>0.95),因此可采用藻活性抑制率48 h-EC10和53 h-EC10来代替96 h的藻类半数比生长率抑制率EC50进行Cd2+藻类毒性实验评价.进一步分析了蛋白核小球藻受Cd2+胁迫48 h和53 h藻活性抑制率和Cd2+毒性当量的剂量-效应关系.该方法为实验室内单一Cd2+毒性的监测提供了一种快速有效的新方法,为水环境综合毒性预警提供了一种切实可行的方法依据.