两种垃圾焚烧炉灰渣的重金属成分与放射性检测

对8种重金属As、Hg、Mn、Cr、Cu、Cd、Co、Ni和Pb在两种垃圾焚烧炉灰渣中的浓度分布,浸出毒性及放射性进行检测.样品(炉渣和飞灰)分别取自北京(循环流化床焚烧炉CFBI)和深圳(炉排焚烧炉)两台不同燃烧方式的垃圾焚烧炉.研究表明,CFBI炉渣及飞灰中的重金属As、Mn、Cu、Cd、Co含量在炉渣中含量最低,中灰次之,飞灰中含量最高.重金属Hg在炉渣和飞灰中的含量相当,在中灰中的含量最低;Cr和Ni在炉渣中的含量也偏高,在中灰和飞灰中的含量相当Pb含量依中灰、炉渣和飞灰的顺序逐渐升高.浸出毒性检测结果显示,循环流化床垃圾焚烧后炉渣及飞灰中的重金属浸出毒性远低于国家标准1～2个量级,重金属总体排放量较低.炉排炉垃圾焚烧的炉渣及飞灰中的重金属含量却高很多,尤其是Cr、Pb、Cd和Cu.放射性检测结果表明,两种焚烧所产生的灰渣放射性均低于国家标准.在排放时无需作任何放射性方面的处理.最后,对焚烧灰渣的稳定化技术进行了讨论.     

贵金属-稀土复合型催化剂的制备与性能研究

制备了净化车辆尾气的贵金属稀土复合型催化剂,对该催化剂进行了活性测试和结构表征.利用所制备的催化剂在摩托车上进行了性能研究.实验结果表明,采用催化剂后,可使车辆排放达到欧洲Ⅱ号标准,表明所研制的催化剂具有较好的应用价值.     

三峡库区生活垃圾的重金属污染程度评价

长期以来,我国的城市生活垃圾处理与处置主要以填埋为主,且大部分为简易填埋或堆放,形成众多的垃圾堆放场。它们不仅影响周围的生态环境,而且威胁到居民的身体健康,特别是不少堆存的生活垃圾受到重金属元素不同程度的污染,任意放置可能会产生严重的后果,所以评价生活垃圾的重金属元素污染程度有助于垃圾堆放场的环境影响评价以及污染防治措施的提出。以三峡库区为例,通过测定三峡库区各个区县主要垃圾堆放场堆存生活垃圾的重金属元素含量, 包括砷、铅、铬、镉和汞,采用单因子评价和综合评价法确定三峡库区堆存生活垃圾的重金属污染程度,为库区的环境保护提供决策支持。     

微生物对沉积物主要化学组分吸附重金属能力的影响

通过松花江水中微生物与铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸形成的复合物质的比表面积及吸附Pb、Cd能力的分析,探讨微生物对沉积物中主要化学组分理化性质的影响及机理.结果表明:锰氧化物的比表面积大于铁氧化物和腐殖酸,与微生物结合后比表面积均不同程度增加. 固体物质的比表面积与吸附Pb和Cd的能力并不完全一致,与它们对重金属的吸附机制不同有关.复合物质的的吸附能力并不符合加和模型,微生物的存在掩盖了铁、锰氧化物和腐殖酸表面部分官能团,造成了复合物质的吸附量小于各组分的吸附量之和.     

以梭鱼金属硫蛋白基因表达监测海洋重金属污染

分离了梭鱼金属硫蛋白132个碱基对应44个氨基酸的部分基因序列,以此为基础建立了分析梭鱼金属硫蛋白基因表达的实时定量PCR方法,并用于分析渤海南戴河和大神堂近岸海域野生梭鱼金属硫蛋白基因的表达.结果表明,南戴河野生梭鱼金属硫蛋白基因的表达水平(雄鱼:0.012 ± 0.0064 copies/copy β-actin;雌鱼:0.0099 ± 0.0042 copies/copy β-actin)明显高于大神堂野生梭鱼的表达水平(雄鱼:0.0017± 0.0011 copies/copy β-actin;雌鱼:0.0014 ± 0.00095 copies/copy β-actin).该结果与两地野生梭鱼体内重金属残留水平相一致,提示梭鱼金属硫蛋白基因可作为监测海洋重金属污染的敏感标志物之一.     

Speciation of heavy metals in Albanian coastal sediments

This article presents results on heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn) speciation in the coastal sediments of Albania. Sediment samples were collected within the framework of the activities of the Interreg Italia–Albania Project, carried out in the Southern Adriatic Sea in 2000–01. This study shows that Albanian coastal sediments are highly influenced by river input, as the decreasing concentrations from coast to offshore confirm. Pb represents an exception of the general trend; meteoric inputs are prevalent for this metal. Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn and Cu correlate significantly and positively in the entire area, indicating a common origin for these metals in the analyzed sediments. All metals result mostly associated to the most refractory phases, which constitute up to 80% of the total concentration. Nevertheless a recent input of Cr, Ni, Cu and Mn can be observed, as the result of mining and industrial activities, in some selected areas, such as the Drin Bay and Durres. Their high concentration in the bioavailable phase can determine toxic effect upon biota.     

Dissolution behavior of metals from particulate matter emissions

Exposure to air particulate matter (PM) is linked to numerous health effects. In order to improve the understanding of the role of its metallic components, their solubility was examined by using serial short-contact dissolutions totalling 1?h and additional sequential contact periods of 1, 4, and 8 days. The dissolution experiments were performed in solutions containing the main biological electrolytes. ICPMS determinations were used to quantify the dissolved metals. The total compositions were determined after closed vessel microwave digestion. Large variations in the rate and completeness of the dissolutions were observed. Fast and extensive dissolutions within the short-contact time (e.g., Zn, Cd) as well as slow dissolutions persisting during the last contact period (e.g., Ni, Cu, Sb, Pb) were found for smelting emissions. The multi-element determinations also made it possible to identify relationships between dissolution of different metals and define gradual composition changes of residual PM. When comparing with dissolutions performed in de-ionized water, similar major fractions were observed at short-contact time for minor components of smelting or combustion emissions (e.g., V, Ni, Cd), suggesting a preponderance of easily available forms at the surface of the relatively inert particle cores. The use of these time sequential methods may help in (1) modeling metal partitioning in biological media and (2) investigating the causes of adverse effects attributed to air PM.     

Application of Zr(IV) tungstate for removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions

A heteropolyacid Zr(IV) tungstate-based cation exchanger has been synthesized. An amorphous sample, prepared at pH 1.2 and having a Na⁺ ion exchange capacity of 0.92?meq?g^?1, was selected for further studies. Its physicochemical properties were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, and scanning electron studies. To understand the cation exchange behavior of the material, distribution coefficients (K _d) for metal ions in various solvent systems were determined. Some important binary separations of metal ions, namely Mg²⁺–Bi³⁺, Cd²⁺–Bi³⁺, Fe³⁺–Bi³⁺, Th⁴⁺–Bi³⁺, and Fe³⁺–Zn²⁺, were achieved on such columns. The practical utility of these separations was demonstrated by separating Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions quantitatively in commercial pharmaceutical formulation. The cation exchanger has been successfully applied also for the treatment of industrial wastewater and a synthetic mixture. All the results suggests that Zr(IV) tungstate has excellent potential for the removal of metals from aqueous systems using packed columns of this material.     

Oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole for solid phase extraction and preconcentration of some metal ions

In this work, a new procedure for the enrichment of the trace amount of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions based on the utilization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified with 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl imidazole as chelating agent prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been described. The influence of effective parameters including pH, amount of ligand and MWCNT, composition of eluent, and coexisting ions on recoveries of understudy metal ions was examined. At the optimum pH of 5.0, all metal ions were quantitatively sorbed onto the proposed solid phase and completely desorbed with 8?mL of 5.0?mol?L^?1 HNO₃. The detection limit of Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions was 1.7, 2.4, 2.3, 2.9, 2.8, and 1.4?µg?L^?1, while the preconcentration factor was 63 for Cu²⁺ and 94 for the other metal ions and relative standard deviations between 1.8 less than 3.0%. The proposed procedure was applied for the analysis of various samples.     

印染污泥焚烧烟气污染控制案例分析

以广东省某两家印染厂的印染污泥焚烧项目为主要研究对象,从污泥处理技术路线、焚烧设备及烟气处理流程等各方面入手,对各厂印染污泥与煤混烧烟气中颗粒物、NOx、SO2、酸性气体(HF、HCl)和重金属等污染物的进行采样分析,并对各厂现有烟气污染物控制设施的运行效果进行调研,结果表明,布袋除尘的效果较为理想,除尘效率可达99%以上;使用印染废水作为吸收液的湿法脱硫技术对SO2及酸性气体的去除效果不理想;SNCR对NOx具有一定的去除效果,是一种较为经济、高效的脱硝技术;焚烧后,大部分重金属最终以飞灰的形式被除尘器去除,但仍有部分重金属如Hg在出口烟气中的浓度仍然很高,需要采取必要的措施控制烟气中的重金属. 此外,基于印染污泥焚烧实例分析,提出适于印染污泥与煤混烧烟气处理工艺流程.