扬州市不同行政区域空气重金属污染评价

采用活藓监测法,选择广泛分布的小羽藓为材料,对扬州市区、高邮市、仪征市、宝应县4个区域空气中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg 7种重金属元素污染情况进行监测.利用污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合指数分析法及重金属污染潜在生态风险评价法对不同区域空气重金属危害等级进行评价.结果表明:Zn、Pb、Cd元素主要污染地区为扬州市区,Cu元素主要污染地区为仪征市,Ni、Hg元素主要污染地区为宝应县,Cr元素主要污染地区为高邮市.4个区域空气重金属均处于重度污染水平,存在强生态风险.就整体而言,7种重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Hg为主要污染元素,污染情况最为严重,而Cu、Ni污染程度相对较轻.区域间空气重金属污染特征差别显著,制造业与港口航运发达的南部仪征市、江都区等地比以农业为主的北部宝应县污染重,污染程度由高到低为扬州市区仪征市高邮市宝应县.     

Source attributions of heavy metals in rice plant along highway in Eastern China

Air and soil pollution from traffic has been considered as a critical issue to crop production and food safety, however, few efforts have been paid on distinguish the source origin of traffic-related contaminants in rice plant along highway. Therefore, we investigated metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu) concentrations and stable Pb isotope ratios in rice plants exposed and unexposed to highway traffic pollution in Eastern China in 2008. Significant differences in metals concentrations between the exposed and unexposed plants existed in leaf for Pb, Cd and Zn, in stem only for Zn, and in grain for Pb and Cd. About 46% of Pb and 41% of Cd in the grain were attributed to the foliar uptake from atmosphere, and there were no obvious contribution of atmosphere to the accumulations of Cr, Zn and Cu in grain. Except for Zn, all of the heavy metals in stem were attributed to the root uptake from soil, although significant accumulations of Pb and Cd from atmosphere existed in leaf. This indicated that different processes existed in the subsequent translocation of foliar-absorbed heavy metals between rice organs. The distinct separation of stable Pb isotope ratios among rice grain, leaf, stem, soil and vehicle exhaust further provided evidences on the different pathways of heavy metal accumulation in rice plant. These results suggested that further more attentions should be paid to the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from traffic emission when plan crop layout for food safety along highway.     

基于正定矩阵分解的傍河水源地土壤重金属污染源分析

以宁夏吴忠市金积傍河水源地为研究对象,在综合分析水源地区内土壤介质特征基础上,在水源地区域范围内采集了15个土壤样品,分析了区域范围内土壤重金属砷、镉、铬、铜、铅、镍、锰等7个因子空间分布状况,采用正定矩阵分析方法定性识别土壤重金属来源及各项来源空间污染贡献率。结果显示,金积水源地土壤重金属含量均未超过国家土壤环境二级标准,低于区域土壤背景值,其中土壤重金属污染受自然来源总贡献率为34.1%,受工业污染影响来源贡献率26.2%,受农业污染影响来源贡献率21.1%,受畜禽养殖粪便堆放及施肥作用影响的贡献率为18.6%。污染来源及其污染贡献程度分析结果为水源地供水安全和环境保护提供了重要的科学依据。     

鄂州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染评价

为了解鄂州市蔬菜地重金属的污染状况,对鄂州市蔬菜地土壤进行采样,并对其重金属铜、铅、镉、铬、汞、砷含量进行测定。利用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其进行分析和评价,其中土壤重金属元素单因子污染指数(Pi)由大到小的顺序为:铜(Cu)>汞(Hg)>铬(Cr)>砷(As)>铅(Pb)>镉(Cd)。其中铜、汞、铬、砷属于中度污染,铅、镉处于警戒线中。内梅罗综合污染指数法表明鄂州蔬菜地土壤整体受到了轻度的重金属污染.     

重金属对硫酸盐还原菌影响

含重金属硫酸盐废水是我国工业水污染的突出问题,利用硫酸盐还原菌的生物去除重金属的方法具有投资少、成本低、能耗少、去除率高,没有二次污染等优点而成为研究的热点。文章以混合培混养物作为接种污泥,考察不同浓度的重金属离子(Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+、Hg2+)对硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB)的抑制作用。研究表明:10 mg/L的Cu2+、Cd2+和20 mg/L的Hg2+对SRB还原硫酸盐的影响较小,硫酸盐最大去除率可分别达到94.1%、94.6%、91.3%,与空白(93.9%)相近;20 mg/L的Cu2+对SRB的抑制最为强烈,硫酸盐最大还原率仅为48.2%,剩余金属离子(Cd2+、Ni2+、Hg2+)都分别随着浓度的增大而对SRB的抑制作用增强;相同浓度的重金属离子对SRB的抑制顺序为Ni2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Hg2+,抑制浓度分别为10、20、30、60 mg/L。最后阐述了各个反应器中硫酸盐还原率最大时,(WCOD/WSO42-)与硫酸盐还原率的关系。     

江西崇义县小江流域重金属污染现状及评价

在采样和分析测试的基础上,对江西崇义县小江流域水体、河道表层沉积物、农田土壤和农作物中重金属的污染现状进行了研究,对河道表层沉积物和农田土壤中的重金属进行了潜在生态风险评价. 结果表明:小江流域水体中主要污染物为As和Pb,ρ(As)和ρ(Pb)最高值分别为0.241和0.054 mg/L;河道表层沉积物中主要污染物为As和Cd,w(As)和w(Cd)最高值分别为1 815.71和19.23 mg/kg;农田土壤中主要污染物为Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd,w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(As)和w(Cd)最高值分别为74.47、428.08、393.05、1 599.71和28.53 mg/kg;农作物中w(Cr)、w(As)、w(Cd)和w(Pb)较高,其最高值分别为15.15、58.45、6.77和13.98 mg/kg. 沉积物中各重金属生态风险大小依次为As＞Cd＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr,重金属总体生态风险程度表现为下游＞中游＞上游,具有大于“强”的生态风险程度. 农田土壤中各重金属生态风险大小依次为Cd＞As＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr,整体生态风险除3号采样点为“中等”外,其他采样点均为“强”及以上. 总体而言,小江流域As污染极为严重. 针对小江重金属污染特征,提出采取污染源源头控制、河道生态修复、加强重金属监测与管理等治理措施.      

贵阳市城区路侧土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

研究了贵阳市城区各交通干线两侧表层土壤中重金属的质量分数、空间分布特征及其影响因素.以基线作为参比值,采用地积累指数法对其污染程度进行评价.结果表明:各交通干道两侧土壤中重金属质量分数存在显著差异,除Pb和Cr外,其余重金属质量分数均高于中国表层土壤重金属元素背景值和贵阳市表层土壤重金属元素基线值. 整体上,贵阳市路侧土壤尚未受到Pb和Cr的污染,其w(Hg),w(Cd)和w(Zn)已达中度污染甚至强污染水平,同时各路段也受到了不同程度的As,Cu和Ni污染,但并不严重. 据调查,路侧土壤中重金属质量分数及其分布格局主要受到燃煤、交通运输、地形及路况、气象因素以及城市建设等的影响.      

Effective adsorption of quadrivalent cerium by synthesized laurylsulfonate green rust in a central composite design

The layered laurylsulfonate intercalated green rust (lauryl-S GR) was synthesized to evaluate the influence of synthesis parameters and aqueous conditions on the adsorption of Ce^IV. The maximum adsorption capacity of 305.58 mg/g by lauryl-S GR was predictably obtained. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model was appropriate in fitting the whole uptake process in a weak acid environment. Three isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin were all reliable in depicting the isotherm adsorption process. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of lauryl-S GR towards Ce^IV was 315.46 mg/g. Ce species including CeO and Ce₂O₃ besides CeO₂ were matched in the XPS distribution, directly indicating the reduction reaction brought by Fe^II in the GR occurred to hydrated Ce^IV ions during the adsorption. Nano-sized Ce particles attached to the lauryl-S GRs after the adsorption experiments were observed in the morphological characterization. Flocculated materials were formed on the surface of the lauryl-S GR at a pH of 7, which further reduced the active sites and disrupted the continuous uptake of Ce^IV to the lauryl-S GR. This study expands the application of GRs and supplies an ideal iron-based material for the construction of the affiliated recovery pathway to the traditional separation of Ce.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

蜂窝煤灰渣对酸性和石灰性污染土壤中重金属的稳定研究

本研究的目的是探讨不同洗涤蜂窝煤灰渣在不同酸碱性土壤中对重金属的稳定效果.在酸性的淳安土壤(铅、镉、铜、锌污染)和石灰性的济源土壤(铅、镉污染)中以4%用量加入灰渣,培养60 d后测定土壤性质.结果表明,灰渣对淳安土壤pH和EC值的增加效果要大于对济源土壤的影响.原灰渣、硫酸洗灰渣和盐酸洗灰渣加入淳安土壤均可显著降低土壤DTPA提取态铅、镉、铜和锌的含量(p0.05),灰渣对济源土壤DTPA提取态重金属的含量影响较小.对于济源土壤,硫酸洗和盐酸洗灰渣与磷酸盐结合施用后土壤DTPA-Pb含量分别下降20.9%和33.1%.对于淳安土壤,加入3类灰渣后土壤DTPA-Pb含量下降26.8%~41.8%;对于淳安土壤,不论是单独施用还是与磷酸盐结合施用,硫酸洗灰渣对铜、锌稳定效果均强于盐酸洗灰渣.以上结果说明,蜂窝煤灰渣在酸性土壤中对重金属有更强的稳定作用,硫酸洗灰渣和盐酸洗灰渣对土壤重金属的稳定作用存在差异.